United States
United States (abbreviated U.S.), or (English: United States of America - USA or the United States - U.S.) is a federal republic consisting of 50 states and a federal district. Except Alaska (northern Canada) & Hawaii (Pacific ocean), 48 other states and districts federalnya located in North America.
United States borders with Mexico and Gulf of Mexico in the south, and with Canada in the north and northwest (Alaska eksklave). West of the country is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, there are still many areas in the colony, and many parts of the world, such as Hawaii, is a state, and other areas such as Puerto Rico, Guam and others that is included in the commonwealth.
American form of 13 former British colonies that liberate ourselves on 4 July 1776. After the United States berekspansi the large-scale, local purchase Louisiana from France and Russia from Alaska and menganeksasi areas of Mexico that is owned by New Mexico, Texas, and California) after Mexican-American War.
America is a country with the fourth largest in the world, after Russia, Canada, and China & the third largest in number of population, after China and India. But if viewed in terms of the economy, the United States is number one in the world, covering approximately one quarter to one third of total world economic output.
Model of democratic government presidensiil, followed by countries in Latin America other.
History
United States form of 13 former British colonies after the American Revolution after the declaration of independence on 4 July 1776. At the origin, structure is a political confederation. But after a long debate and terbentuknya United States Constitution, this colony eventually agreed to form a state federation.
In the 19th century the strength of the U.S. extends across the North American continent. Through coercion, military force and diplomacy, the U.S. get a lot of countries in other parts in and outside the country such as Cuba and the Philippines. However, the country is experiencing social problems that bad. In an effort to develop the area of the skin is white, the indigenous Indian has become the victim. Through military force, destruction, evacuation and the development of the reservation area, the indigenous Indian has been removed. In the south, there is still the system of slavery with black people as second-class. Discrimination against colored people is one of the occurrence of civil war between the states of the country-the North and South. Although the system has been abolished slavery after the defeat of the Southern states, racial discrimination continues to reign so that the mid-20th century.
During this era, the country continues to become an advanced industrial world ruler, so that berterusan to-20 th century, known as the Century Kegemilangan the United States or American Century. In this century the influence of the United States in the widespread international arena and the center of innovation and technology in the world when the World is. Some of the technology, including telephone, television, computer, Internet, nuclear weapons, aircraft and ships, outer space travel.
This country has had some bitter experiences such as the American Civil War (1861-1865) and fall when the economy is bad "Great Depression" (1929-1939) that not only the United States are almost all over the world. Experience the latest attack was the most miserable 9 / 11 on 11 September 2001 at the World Trade Center, New York, where nearly three thousand people killed due to terrorist attacks.
In terms of history, this country has been involved in some of the great world war, War of 1812 against England, and also berpakta the UK during World War I and World War II. In the era of 1960s in the United States involved in the Cold War against the teeth of the other and the influence of Soviet communism. In an effort to stem spread communism in Asia, the U.S. in the Korean War, Vietnam and Afghanistan in the past. And after the fall of Soviet divisions, the U.S. rose to become an economic power and the most powerful military in the world. During the 1990s, the U.S. crown himself as the world's police and army in action in Kosovo, Haiti, Somalia and Liberia, and the First Gulf War against Iraq that menginvasi Kuwait. After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 at the World Trade Center and Pentagon, the U.S. counteroffensive against wage Afghanistan Taliban and topple the country there and in 2003 wage Second Gulf War against Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein regime.
Politics
United States is a democratic constitutional state system with three-Tier and judiciary institutions that are free. There are three national ranking, namely, state and local government agencies that have legislative and executive power to the field of each. Countries using this system in the federation or federalism in the country where the central and state share of power. Central state power against some things such as printing currency and United States defense policy. However, the states determine the rights and power laws of each such as abortion rights and the baby the maximum penalty in the case law.
One element that is marked in the United States doctrine of the division of power. Article 1 to 3 of the Constitution United States, has highlighted the in detail about the powers of the State that is the main executive, legislative and judicial. Checks and balances, or check and balance is one of the main character in the American countries and this is so comprehensive, so there is not a branch of the state that has absolute power to oversee the other branches.
In this country all people aged 18 and over have the right to choose. Presidential election for the election held every four years and the last was in November 2004.
In addition to the presidential elections for the election, there is also a part-time elections, held in mid-presidential term of office. In this election the president is not elected but all members of the Council of Representatives and a third of all the senator from each state. This last election was held on 7 November 2006.
State
When dinyatakannya independence of the United States, thirteen colonies changed to the state-the state. In the beginning the state-state this as an alliance to join and then formed a unified country. In the following years, the number of states increases with the inclusion of state-state in the west, the purchase of land and split the state-the state that already exists. Each state is divided to the Counties (such districts), cities (such as municipalities or autonomous cities) and townships (such districts).
United States also has a federal district, Washington, DC, and dependency, such as Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam and the Virgin Islands.
In addition to the state, one federal district, and some areas that can be called a colony.
Geography
United States is the largest country to-3 in the world. Geographical situation is very diverse.
* There is grass in Coastal East,
* Appalachian Mountains
* Great Plains in the middle of this country,
* Mississippi-Missouri River,
* Rocky Mountains in the west
Climate according to various geographical conditions, from tropical (hot and dry in summer, warm in winter) in Florida to tundra (cold year-round) in Alaska. Most countries have a warm summer season and the cold snow. A number of the U.S., such as the California, has a climate Mediterrania.
Economy
U.S. capitalist economic system running. Economic growth the country is firmly on the surface, unemployment and low inflation, trade deficit and a low (meaning the U.S. to buy more goods from other countries rather than sell).
U.S. economy is one of the most important in the world. Many countries have made the U.S. dollar as the currency measurements, meaning that valuable or not the currency they are determined by the dollar. A number of countries using the dollar as currency. U.S. stock exchanges is seen as an indicator of the world economy.
This country has many mineral resources, such as gold, oil, coal and uranium deposition. Agriculture makes this country is among the main producers, among others, maize, wheat, sugar and tobacco. U.S. produce cars, aircraft and electronic items. About 3 / 4 of U.S. residents working in the service industry.
U.S. trading partners are:
* Canada
* Mexico
* Country Europe
* Countries such as Japan industrialized Asia, Taiwan, India, South Korea and China.
Money
Distance social structures of the United States, the United States a number of people rich enough. Although there are actually still people who live below the poverty line. 51% of all households have a computer and 41% have Internet access in 2000, that number has grown to be 75% in 2004. Furthermore, 67.9% of the population have their own home in 2002. Average income of U.S. $ 37,000 a year in 2002.
Demographics
Most of the population in the U.S. are descendants of European immigrants. Many people are descended from German, English, Scottish, Irish, and Italian.
In the recent years, many Hispanic people come from Mexico and other parts of Latin America, particularly to the southwestern U.S.. Many of those who cross the border illegally. Some people feel sick U.S., and also due to the use of Spanish in the U.S. (see Languages in the United States).
Many people also African-American. Most of them descended from African slaves brought to the New World.
Third of the U.S. population is Asian-American. Most inhabit the west coast.
Original population, called the native American Indian and Eskimo, or very little.
[edit] Religion
Embraces the number of Christians in the U.S. continue to decline. 86.2% call themselves Christian in 1990 and 76.5% call themselves Christian in 2001 (Aris 2001). Members of the religious in 2001 is 52% Protestant, Catholic 24.5%, 13.2% have not, Judaism 1.3% and 0,5-0,3% Muslim, Buddhist, Agnostik, atheist, Hindu and Unitarian Universalis. There are big differences between those who embrace a religion and those who are members of the religious places of worship. Census Bureau figures (PDF file) shows that the membership of places of worship in 2004 is 33% Christian Protestant, Roman Catholic 19%, 4% Jews and 44% other religions.
Culture
Cultural level the United States are developed. This is evident with the progress of technology. The United States with countries that Russia is a friend of pioneers in the investigation and exploration of space, in addition to the United States are also experts in the field of sophisticated weaponry.
In the field of modern literature, the United States have Ernest Hemingway, who never reach the 1954 Nobel Prize.
Saturday 14 February 2009
Algiers
Algiers located in west Africa with the sea-coast along the Mediterranean Sea in the north, is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the north west, and Morocco in the west. The name comes from the name of Algeria capital Algiers which means the island (al-jazā'ir, in Arabic). This may be referring to the 4 islands that are located close to Algiers. Algeria is the second largest country in Africa.
History
Native Berber population in Algeria has been under foreign powers for more than 3000 years. People Fenisia (1000 BC) and Roman Republic (200 BC) is the most important, until the arrival of people in the century to the Arab-8. However, the flow of conquest is not all one way; in the mid Fatimids Berber, came from Algeria, Egypt took over, although as soon as it left North Africa.
Entering Turkish territory algiers Utsmani by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj that make pesisirnya basis corsair; [privateering] reached their peak in Algiers on 1600an, after moved to the center of Tripoli in Libya. With the pretext ignore their consul-consul, the French attacked Algiers in 1830, however, opposition from a number of great figures such as Emir Abdelkader made a submission to instill in Algeria, not technically completed until the early 1900an when Tuareg last ditaklukkan.
Meanwhile, however, France has made Algeria an integral part metropolitannya, status status that will end the fall of the Fourth Republic. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Italy, Spain, Malta and moved across the Mediterranean to farm land in the Algerian coast and occupied the most valuable part of the cities Algeria, the benefits of foreclosure with the land that the French government. Those European progenitive pinak in Algeria (which is called the Pied-noir), such as the native Algerian Jews, is a full French citizens who are starting from the end of the 19th century, with the striking differences, most Muslim Algeria remain outside the French law , and do not have French citizenship or rights. Algeria diperlunak social order for the purpose of the change during this period: literacy rate in great falls, while the annexation of land uproot most of the population.
At 1954, National Exemption Front (FLN) wage guerrilla war, after almost 1 decade of war in the cities and villages, they succeeded in forcing the French out in 1962. On 25 September 1962, Ferhat Abbas was selected to become president of provinsional government, with Ahmed Ben Bella as prime minister. Most 1,025,000 Pied-noir, such as 91,000 harki (Muslims pro-French Algeria), or almost 10% of the population in Algeria in 1962, going from Algeria to France only in the mid of the month that year.
Algeria's first president, FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella, didepak by former allies and also PM, Houari Boumédiènne in 1965. That country and enjoy the nearly 25 years of relatively stable 1-party socialist property Boumedienne and his successor.
In the 1990s, Algeria was full of war and violence after prolonged military barred Islamic political party, Islamic Salvation Front took power following a multipartai first election in the country. More than 100,000 people killed, too fat in the slaughter of civilians that is not grounded, gerilyawan by groups such as the Armed Islamic Group.
In December 1990, People's National Assembly passed the rules of Arabic language as the official language and Algeria prohibit private companies and political parties use the French and Berber. New legislation is considered to be the attitude the government is not tolerant of a number of people that a Western education and Berber community. This then causes about 500,000 people down to street to protest religious discrimination and political
Politics
Head of state is the President, elected for a period of 5 years, can be extended once again. Algiers together have the right choose. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and the High Security Council. He was the PM who is the head of government. PM the Council of Ministers.
Algeria bikameral parliament, consists of a representative, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members and the senate, the Council of State, with 144 members. APN is selected every 5 years.
Regional
Algiers divided into 48 regions / provinces (ولاية):
# Adrar
# Ain Defla
# Ain Temouchent
# Algiers
# 'Annabah
# Batnah
# Bechar
# Bajayah
# Biskirah
# Bulidah
# Bordj Bou Arreridj
# Bouira
# Boumerdes
# Syilf
# Qusnathinah
# Jalfah
# El Bayadh
# El Oued
# El Tarf
# Ghardaia
# Guelma
# Illizi
# Jijel
# Khenchela
# Laghouat
# Mascara
# Medea
# Mila
# Mostaganem
# M'Sila
# Naama
# Wahran
# Ouargla
# Oum el Bouaghi
# Relizane
# Saida
# Sathif
# Sidi Bil'abbas
# Skikda
# Souk Ahras
# Tamanghasset
# Tebessa
# Tiaret
# Tindouf
# Tipaza
# Tissemsilt
# Tizi Ouzou
# Tilimsan
Sports
All-Africa Games 2007 (9th) held in Algiers, Algeria from 11-23 July 2007. Algeria had been the previous host All-Africa Games in 1973 (to-3) and held in the same city in Algiers.
Algiers located in west Africa with the sea-coast along the Mediterranean Sea in the north, is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the north west, and Morocco in the west. The name comes from the name of Algeria capital Algiers which means the island (al-jazā'ir, in Arabic). This may be referring to the 4 islands that are located close to Algiers. Algeria is the second largest country in Africa.
History
Native Berber population in Algeria has been under foreign powers for more than 3000 years. People Fenisia (1000 BC) and Roman Republic (200 BC) is the most important, until the arrival of people in the century to the Arab-8. However, the flow of conquest is not all one way; in the mid Fatimids Berber, came from Algeria, Egypt took over, although as soon as it left North Africa.
Entering Turkish territory algiers Utsmani by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj that make pesisirnya basis corsair; [privateering] reached their peak in Algiers on 1600an, after moved to the center of Tripoli in Libya. With the pretext ignore their consul-consul, the French attacked Algiers in 1830, however, opposition from a number of great figures such as Emir Abdelkader made a submission to instill in Algeria, not technically completed until the early 1900an when Tuareg last ditaklukkan.
Meanwhile, however, France has made Algeria an integral part metropolitannya, status status that will end the fall of the Fourth Republic. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Italy, Spain, Malta and moved across the Mediterranean to farm land in the Algerian coast and occupied the most valuable part of the cities Algeria, the benefits of foreclosure with the land that the French government. Those European progenitive pinak in Algeria (which is called the Pied-noir), such as the native Algerian Jews, is a full French citizens who are starting from the end of the 19th century, with the striking differences, most Muslim Algeria remain outside the French law , and do not have French citizenship or rights. Algeria diperlunak social order for the purpose of the change during this period: literacy rate in great falls, while the annexation of land uproot most of the population.
At 1954, National Exemption Front (FLN) wage guerrilla war, after almost 1 decade of war in the cities and villages, they succeeded in forcing the French out in 1962. On 25 September 1962, Ferhat Abbas was selected to become president of provinsional government, with Ahmed Ben Bella as prime minister. Most 1,025,000 Pied-noir, such as 91,000 harki (Muslims pro-French Algeria), or almost 10% of the population in Algeria in 1962, going from Algeria to France only in the mid of the month that year.
Algeria's first president, FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella, didepak by former allies and also PM, Houari Boumédiènne in 1965. That country and enjoy the nearly 25 years of relatively stable 1-party socialist property Boumedienne and his successor.
In the 1990s, Algeria was full of war and violence after prolonged military barred Islamic political party, Islamic Salvation Front took power following a multipartai first election in the country. More than 100,000 people killed, too fat in the slaughter of civilians that is not grounded, gerilyawan by groups such as the Armed Islamic Group.
In December 1990, People's National Assembly passed the rules of Arabic language as the official language and Algeria prohibit private companies and political parties use the French and Berber. New legislation is considered to be the attitude the government is not tolerant of a number of people that a Western education and Berber community. This then causes about 500,000 people down to street to protest religious discrimination and political
Politics
Head of state is the President, elected for a period of 5 years, can be extended once again. Algiers together have the right choose. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and the High Security Council. He was the PM who is the head of government. PM the Council of Ministers.
Algeria bikameral parliament, consists of a representative, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members and the senate, the Council of State, with 144 members. APN is selected every 5 years.
Regional
Algiers divided into 48 regions / provinces (ولاية):
# Adrar
# Ain Defla
# Ain Temouchent
# Algiers
# 'Annabah
# Batnah
# Bechar
# Bajayah
# Biskirah
# Bulidah
# Bordj Bou Arreridj
# Bouira
# Boumerdes
# Syilf
# Qusnathinah
# Jalfah
# El Bayadh
# El Oued
# El Tarf
# Ghardaia
# Guelma
# Illizi
# Jijel
# Khenchela
# Laghouat
# Mascara
# Medea
# Mila
# Mostaganem
# M'Sila
# Naama
# Wahran
# Ouargla
# Oum el Bouaghi
# Relizane
# Saida
# Sathif
# Sidi Bil'abbas
# Skikda
# Souk Ahras
# Tamanghasset
# Tebessa
# Tiaret
# Tindouf
# Tipaza
# Tissemsilt
# Tizi Ouzou
# Tilimsan
Sports
All-Africa Games 2007 (9th) held in Algiers, Algeria from 11-23 July 2007. Algeria had been the previous host All-Africa Games in 1973 (to-3) and held in the same city in Algiers.
Albania
Albania is a country located in southeast Europe. Albania borders Montenegro to the north, Serbia (Kosovo) in the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east, and Greece in the south. Adriatic Sea is located in the west of Albania, while in the Ionia Sea southwest. Albania in the language called Shqipëria, which means Land of Water Birds Elang. Thus, the image double eagle can be seen in benderanya and emblemnya. The name "Albania" may also come from the words of Indo-European albh (white).
History
Scholars believe the Albanian population is the offspring of non-Slavic, non-ethnic groups of Turkey known as Illyria, who came in the Balkans around 2000 BC. Modern Albanian population still distinguish between Gheg (northern tribe) and Tosk (southern tribes). After falling under Roman authority in 165 BC, Albania monitored almost continuously from the turn of foreign powers until mid-20th century, with a short period of self-government.
Following terpecahnya the Roman Empire in 395, the Empire began Bizantium area that is now known as Albania. In 11-century, Bizantium Emperor Alexius I Comnenus to create a letter in which the record is the first time or area of land known as Albania and its population.
Kalifah Usmaniyah between the Albanian 1385-1912. During this period, most people embraced Islam, and the Albanian people also emigrate to Italy, Greece, Egypt and Turkey. Despite supervision by briefly disrupted upheaval 1443-1478, led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg, Khilafah Turkey Utsmani finally assert their control again.
In the early 20th century, Khilafah Turkey Utsmani control can not control here. Prizren League (1878) introduced the idea of Albanian nationalism and create a modern Albanian alphabet. Following end of the Balkan War I, those Albania Vlore Proclamation issued on 28 November 1912, declare 'independence'. Albanian border defined by the strength of 1913. Integrity of Albania be in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after United States President Woodrow Wilson's plan to deny the strength of Europe to divide Albania among neighbors.
During World War II, Albania dicaplok first by Italy (1939-43) and then by Germany (1943-44). After the war, the Communist Party leader Enver Hoxha set to protect the integrity of Albania during the next 40 years, but requires a political price which is very expensive from the population, be caused to bow to the clean up, reduce, oppression and civil rights politics, total ban on religious practice, and increase the isolation . Albanian loyal to the philosophy that hard Stalinis, eventually withdraw from the Warsaw Treaty in 1968 and dissociate themselves from the last ally, People's Republic of China in 1978.
Following the death of Hoxha in 1985 and then fall of communism in 1991, Albanian society struggled to cope isolation and dropping history. During the initial transition period, the government of Albania looked closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions and introduced basic democratic reforms, including multipartai system.
In 1992, after the triumph of a wide selection of Democratic Party, Sali Berisha became the first democratic leader who is selected as the President of Albania. Berisha economic improvement program started and 'democracy' is more cautious, but when running a rumor that failed in the mid 1990an, because of political gridlock. At the same time, investment companies that do not override moral overshadow all the money in Albania using pyramid schemes. In the early 1997, several pyramid schemes that kolaps, leaving thousands of people bankrupt, disillusioned, and angry. Armed upheaval broke out throughout the country, the fall of almost total government authority. During that time, Albania has the infrastructure that is not enough and old who suffer great damage, such as the hijack of the common material for building. Weapons depot in the country and dismantled so that its contents seized in that year many outstanding military firearm be Albanian civilians. Anarchy in the early 1997 impassion the world and encourage the intensive international mediation.
Command restored by the UN Multinational Protection Force, and national reconciliation government while maintaining the elections in June 1997, the Socialist and allies to restore the power at the national level. President Berisha to stop, and the President is the successor of the Socialist Rexhep Meidani. Between 1997 and 2002, a series of short replace one another. Fatos Nano, Chairman of the Socialist Party, has been PM since June 2002.
During the transition period 1997-2002, the structure of democracy, Albania is easy to be broken. Political party to form, store the media developed, organizations and business associations nonpemerintahanpun so. In 1998, the Albania ratified a new constitution via public referendum, the power of law and ensure protection of the rights and religious freedom.
On 24 July 2002, Alfred Moisiu disumpah as President. Nonpartisan figure, associated with a nominal Democrat, he was appointed as the consensus candidate of the party in power and opposition. A peaceful transfer of power from Meidani to Moisiu is a result of the agreement between the parties to encourage one another in the structure of parliament. "Truce" to bring this new period of political stability in Albania, which is considered to be able to make progress in the means that may be democracy and economic reform, the initiative power of the law, and the development of relations with countries neighboring Albania and the U.S..
City election held throughout the country in October 2003. Even if it means beyond repair years ago, remain scattered errors of administration, including a list ketidakakakuratan collector. "Ceasefire" antarpemimpin party scene began in summer 2003. Progress on the economic and political improvements appear to suffer during the final year-end 2003 because of political contention. However, in December 2003, PM Nano reassert his leadership of the Socialist Party is in power and the new cabinet.
Ethnic Macedonian minority in Albania
Albania recognizes the ethnic Macedonian and ethnic minorities as to provide primary education in Macedonia on the border where most of their lives. In the 1989 census, 5,000 people declare themselves as Macedonian.
Ethnic organization is suspected that the government reduce the number of ethnic Macedonian and Albanian in the politics they represented less - there is no Macedonian ethnic Albanian in the parliament. Some parties said the ketidaksetujuan between citizens Slavik Albanian-speaking nation on the membership of Macedonia and a significant number of speakers of the language Slavik was Torbesh and identity as the Albanian people. Estimates outside the ethnic Macedonian population in Albania include 10,000 [1], whereas Macedonian sources have claimed that 120,000 - 350,000 inhabitants in Macedonia's ethnic Albanian.
Language
The language of the official language is Albanian (99%)
Albania is a country located in southeast Europe. Albania borders Montenegro to the north, Serbia (Kosovo) in the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east, and Greece in the south. Adriatic Sea is located in the west of Albania, while in the Ionia Sea southwest. Albania in the language called Shqipëria, which means Land of Water Birds Elang. Thus, the image double eagle can be seen in benderanya and emblemnya. The name "Albania" may also come from the words of Indo-European albh (white).
History
Scholars believe the Albanian population is the offspring of non-Slavic, non-ethnic groups of Turkey known as Illyria, who came in the Balkans around 2000 BC. Modern Albanian population still distinguish between Gheg (northern tribe) and Tosk (southern tribes). After falling under Roman authority in 165 BC, Albania monitored almost continuously from the turn of foreign powers until mid-20th century, with a short period of self-government.
Following terpecahnya the Roman Empire in 395, the Empire began Bizantium area that is now known as Albania. In 11-century, Bizantium Emperor Alexius I Comnenus to create a letter in which the record is the first time or area of land known as Albania and its population.
Kalifah Usmaniyah between the Albanian 1385-1912. During this period, most people embraced Islam, and the Albanian people also emigrate to Italy, Greece, Egypt and Turkey. Despite supervision by briefly disrupted upheaval 1443-1478, led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg, Khilafah Turkey Utsmani finally assert their control again.
In the early 20th century, Khilafah Turkey Utsmani control can not control here. Prizren League (1878) introduced the idea of Albanian nationalism and create a modern Albanian alphabet. Following end of the Balkan War I, those Albania Vlore Proclamation issued on 28 November 1912, declare 'independence'. Albanian border defined by the strength of 1913. Integrity of Albania be in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after United States President Woodrow Wilson's plan to deny the strength of Europe to divide Albania among neighbors.
During World War II, Albania dicaplok first by Italy (1939-43) and then by Germany (1943-44). After the war, the Communist Party leader Enver Hoxha set to protect the integrity of Albania during the next 40 years, but requires a political price which is very expensive from the population, be caused to bow to the clean up, reduce, oppression and civil rights politics, total ban on religious practice, and increase the isolation . Albanian loyal to the philosophy that hard Stalinis, eventually withdraw from the Warsaw Treaty in 1968 and dissociate themselves from the last ally, People's Republic of China in 1978.
Following the death of Hoxha in 1985 and then fall of communism in 1991, Albanian society struggled to cope isolation and dropping history. During the initial transition period, the government of Albania looked closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions and introduced basic democratic reforms, including multipartai system.
In 1992, after the triumph of a wide selection of Democratic Party, Sali Berisha became the first democratic leader who is selected as the President of Albania. Berisha economic improvement program started and 'democracy' is more cautious, but when running a rumor that failed in the mid 1990an, because of political gridlock. At the same time, investment companies that do not override moral overshadow all the money in Albania using pyramid schemes. In the early 1997, several pyramid schemes that kolaps, leaving thousands of people bankrupt, disillusioned, and angry. Armed upheaval broke out throughout the country, the fall of almost total government authority. During that time, Albania has the infrastructure that is not enough and old who suffer great damage, such as the hijack of the common material for building. Weapons depot in the country and dismantled so that its contents seized in that year many outstanding military firearm be Albanian civilians. Anarchy in the early 1997 impassion the world and encourage the intensive international mediation.
Command restored by the UN Multinational Protection Force, and national reconciliation government while maintaining the elections in June 1997, the Socialist and allies to restore the power at the national level. President Berisha to stop, and the President is the successor of the Socialist Rexhep Meidani. Between 1997 and 2002, a series of short replace one another. Fatos Nano, Chairman of the Socialist Party, has been PM since June 2002.
During the transition period 1997-2002, the structure of democracy, Albania is easy to be broken. Political party to form, store the media developed, organizations and business associations nonpemerintahanpun so. In 1998, the Albania ratified a new constitution via public referendum, the power of law and ensure protection of the rights and religious freedom.
On 24 July 2002, Alfred Moisiu disumpah as President. Nonpartisan figure, associated with a nominal Democrat, he was appointed as the consensus candidate of the party in power and opposition. A peaceful transfer of power from Meidani to Moisiu is a result of the agreement between the parties to encourage one another in the structure of parliament. "Truce" to bring this new period of political stability in Albania, which is considered to be able to make progress in the means that may be democracy and economic reform, the initiative power of the law, and the development of relations with countries neighboring Albania and the U.S..
City election held throughout the country in October 2003. Even if it means beyond repair years ago, remain scattered errors of administration, including a list ketidakakakuratan collector. "Ceasefire" antarpemimpin party scene began in summer 2003. Progress on the economic and political improvements appear to suffer during the final year-end 2003 because of political contention. However, in December 2003, PM Nano reassert his leadership of the Socialist Party is in power and the new cabinet.
Ethnic Macedonian minority in Albania
Albania recognizes the ethnic Macedonian and ethnic minorities as to provide primary education in Macedonia on the border where most of their lives. In the 1989 census, 5,000 people declare themselves as Macedonian.
Ethnic organization is suspected that the government reduce the number of ethnic Macedonian and Albanian in the politics they represented less - there is no Macedonian ethnic Albanian in the parliament. Some parties said the ketidaksetujuan between citizens Slavik Albanian-speaking nation on the membership of Macedonia and a significant number of speakers of the language Slavik was Torbesh and identity as the Albanian people. Estimates outside the ethnic Macedonian population in Albania include 10,000 [1], whereas Macedonian sources have claimed that 120,000 - 350,000 inhabitants in Macedonia's ethnic Albanian.
Language
The language of the official language is Albanian (99%)
Åland
Åland Islands (Swedish: Landskapet of Åland, Finland language: Ahvenanmaan maakunta / Ahvenanmaa) is an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Located at the entrance of Gulf of Bothnia. Administratively, the province of Åland is an autonomous Finnish experience, not military strength, single Swedish-speaking, be a governor and a prime minister. This archipelago consists of the main island, Fasta of Åland, and 6500 ± skerry other.
Municipality
* Brando
* Eckerö
* Finström
* Föglö
* Throne
* Hammarland
* Jomala
* Kumlinge
* Kökar
* Lemland
* Lumparland
* Mariehamn
* Saltvik
* Sottunga
* Sund
* Vårdö
Åland Islands (Swedish: Landskapet of Åland, Finland language: Ahvenanmaan maakunta / Ahvenanmaa) is an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Located at the entrance of Gulf of Bothnia. Administratively, the province of Åland is an autonomous Finnish experience, not military strength, single Swedish-speaking, be a governor and a prime minister. This archipelago consists of the main island, Fasta of Åland, and 6500 ± skerry other.
Municipality
* Brando
* Eckerö
* Finström
* Föglö
* Throne
* Hammarland
* Jomala
* Kumlinge
* Kökar
* Lemland
* Lumparland
* Mariehamn
* Saltvik
* Sottunga
* Sund
* Vårdö
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri, also called the "power sector Pangkalan West" (Western Sovereign Base Area / WSBA) and Dhekelia, also called the "Great power Sector East" (Eastern Sovereign Base Area / ESBA), is a two-Area Great Britain (UK Sovereign Base Area / SBA ) in Cyprus, the former British Crown colony. Akrotiri is located in the southern part of Cyprus, near the city Limasso. Dhekelia is located in the southeast, near Larnaca. Both areas have a military base, agriculture and settlement. Akrotiri is surrounded by territory of the Republic of Cyprus, while the boundary with Dhekelia buffer zone of the United Nations and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
British troops garrison placed there as a form of defense. In addition, there is also a listening post (the post to hear the enemy) and the only station RAF (British Air Force) the most in the Mediterranean region (due in Gibraltar does not have permanent base plane), RAF Akrotiri. Britain is also sending pasukannya under the auspices of the UN assigned in Cyprus. British personnel in the entire Cyprus reached 3500 people.
Disorientation can be felt when entering the area a military power base (different from the Guantanamo Bay, there is a way to penetrate the region and even to the military camp, which is open to traffic from Cyprus). In fact, all the roads in the military camp is keinggris-inggrisan. Civil law applied by the British civil authorities, but rather follow the model law of the Republic of Cyprus. Many residents who work in Cyprus SBA, especially for the British authorities or as farmers and traders. However, only people that Cyprus has a local network (local connection), which allowed to live there, such as those living in the village of Akrotiri on the fringe of the village or neighborhood near base. In addition, the village Xylotimbou and Ormidhia in the Republic of Cyprus is enklave surrounded by SBA Dhekelia.
Power base in Cyprus, including in the British overseas territory, but rather, led by the Governor, such as other territorial, SBA in Cyprus led by the Administrator, appointed by the Queen, but is responsible to the Ministry of Defense, not to the Office for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.
An antenna (possibly for the sake of radar) that is installed in the Akrotiri base feared cause side effects of habitat and wild animal health people who live in Limassol.
Ayios Nikolaos in Dhekelia station is listening for network watcher echelon.
Second base has a complex relationship with the EU according to different agreements.
Akrotiri, also called the "power sector Pangkalan West" (Western Sovereign Base Area / WSBA) and Dhekelia, also called the "Great power Sector East" (Eastern Sovereign Base Area / ESBA), is a two-Area Great Britain (UK Sovereign Base Area / SBA ) in Cyprus, the former British Crown colony. Akrotiri is located in the southern part of Cyprus, near the city Limasso. Dhekelia is located in the southeast, near Larnaca. Both areas have a military base, agriculture and settlement. Akrotiri is surrounded by territory of the Republic of Cyprus, while the boundary with Dhekelia buffer zone of the United Nations and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
British troops garrison placed there as a form of defense. In addition, there is also a listening post (the post to hear the enemy) and the only station RAF (British Air Force) the most in the Mediterranean region (due in Gibraltar does not have permanent base plane), RAF Akrotiri. Britain is also sending pasukannya under the auspices of the UN assigned in Cyprus. British personnel in the entire Cyprus reached 3500 people.
Disorientation can be felt when entering the area a military power base (different from the Guantanamo Bay, there is a way to penetrate the region and even to the military camp, which is open to traffic from Cyprus). In fact, all the roads in the military camp is keinggris-inggrisan. Civil law applied by the British civil authorities, but rather follow the model law of the Republic of Cyprus. Many residents who work in Cyprus SBA, especially for the British authorities or as farmers and traders. However, only people that Cyprus has a local network (local connection), which allowed to live there, such as those living in the village of Akrotiri on the fringe of the village or neighborhood near base. In addition, the village Xylotimbou and Ormidhia in the Republic of Cyprus is enklave surrounded by SBA Dhekelia.
Power base in Cyprus, including in the British overseas territory, but rather, led by the Governor, such as other territorial, SBA in Cyprus led by the Administrator, appointed by the Queen, but is responsible to the Ministry of Defense, not to the Office for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.
An antenna (possibly for the sake of radar) that is installed in the Akrotiri base feared cause side effects of habitat and wild animal health people who live in Limassol.
Ayios Nikolaos in Dhekelia station is listening for network watcher echelon.
Second base has a complex relationship with the EU according to different agreements.
Central African Republic
Central African Republic, is a landlocked country in Africa which borders Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo and Cameroon.
This is the first country French colony called Ubangi-Shari, who reached independence in 1960. After three turbulent decades as a result of government military silih-switch, the civilian government in power in 1993. However, this government survive only as long as a decade. In March 2003 a military coup d'etat led by General François Bozizé have government impose civil leaders of President Ange-Félix Patassé and establish transitional government there.
History
At the origin a colony of France, Central African Republic gained its independence in 1960. This new state quickly fell under the dictatorial government in the first president, David Dacko. In the year 1966 be defeated by Dacko cousin, Jean Bedel Bokassa of the kingdom to establish a military dictator and that have a certain complex. In 1976 Bokassa declare himself as the emperor in a ceremony dinobatkan and all the luxury and expensive criticized by many other countries. He also frequently violate human rights and bolster anti-French movement. As a result, the French government to support a coup against the government in 1979 and again Dacko power in the country. The second rebellion occurred in 1981, and democratic government in power began in 1993. However, in 2003, a coup d'etat occurred once again, in which François Bozizé took over power.
Politics
Now this country is under the government François Bozizé. New constitution was passed by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. Presidential and parliamentary elections multipartai fully held in March 2005, [1] with the second round in May. Bozizé declared as the winner after a run-off vote
The division of administrative
Central African Republic divided the 14 prefecture (capital in brackets):
1. Bamingui-Bangoran (Ndélé)
2. Basse-Kotto (Mobaye)
3. Haute-Kotto (Bria)
4. Haut-Mbomou (oboe)
5. Kémo (Sibut)
6. Lobaye (Mbaïki)
7. Mambéré-Kadéï (Berbérati)
8. Mbomou (Bangassou)
9. Nana-Mambéré (Bouar)
10. Ombella-M'Poko (Bimbo)
11. Ouaka (Bambari)
12. Ouham (Bossangoa)
13. Ouham-Pendé (Bozoum)
14. Vakaga (Birao)
This also added to the two economic zones or economic prefectures (capital in brackets):
1. Nana-Grébizi (Kaga Bandoro)
2. Sangha-Mbaéré (Nola)
Geography
The country is entirely landlocked in Africa. Most of this land, even, or plato sabana the spin, especially about 500 m dpl. In the northeast have Fertit Hill, and there are hills in the southwest this country. Marine in the west have Yade Massif, plato bergranit with a height of 1143 m.
Most of the southern part of the country is formed by children with the River Congo River in the east Mbomou who joined the Sunagi Uele form Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River flows through the country. Timurnya border extends along the Nile river water limit.
Estimates that the country is covered with forest on ranges in 75%, with the terpadatnya in the south. Forest is very diverse, including fdan species Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo important in the commercial [3]. Current level of deforestation is 0.4% per year, illegal logging and the public. [4]
General climate in the Central African Republic is tropical. Region is where the north wind harmattan, a hot, dry, and carry dust. The north where desertifikasi, and marine bergurun east. The other easily flooded from surrounding rivers.
Central African Republic, is a landlocked country in Africa which borders Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo and Cameroon.
This is the first country French colony called Ubangi-Shari, who reached independence in 1960. After three turbulent decades as a result of government military silih-switch, the civilian government in power in 1993. However, this government survive only as long as a decade. In March 2003 a military coup d'etat led by General François Bozizé have government impose civil leaders of President Ange-Félix Patassé and establish transitional government there.
History
At the origin a colony of France, Central African Republic gained its independence in 1960. This new state quickly fell under the dictatorial government in the first president, David Dacko. In the year 1966 be defeated by Dacko cousin, Jean Bedel Bokassa of the kingdom to establish a military dictator and that have a certain complex. In 1976 Bokassa declare himself as the emperor in a ceremony dinobatkan and all the luxury and expensive criticized by many other countries. He also frequently violate human rights and bolster anti-French movement. As a result, the French government to support a coup against the government in 1979 and again Dacko power in the country. The second rebellion occurred in 1981, and democratic government in power began in 1993. However, in 2003, a coup d'etat occurred once again, in which François Bozizé took over power.
Politics
Now this country is under the government François Bozizé. New constitution was passed by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. Presidential and parliamentary elections multipartai fully held in March 2005, [1] with the second round in May. Bozizé declared as the winner after a run-off vote
The division of administrative
Central African Republic divided the 14 prefecture (capital in brackets):
1. Bamingui-Bangoran (Ndélé)
2. Basse-Kotto (Mobaye)
3. Haute-Kotto (Bria)
4. Haut-Mbomou (oboe)
5. Kémo (Sibut)
6. Lobaye (Mbaïki)
7. Mambéré-Kadéï (Berbérati)
8. Mbomou (Bangassou)
9. Nana-Mambéré (Bouar)
10. Ombella-M'Poko (Bimbo)
11. Ouaka (Bambari)
12. Ouham (Bossangoa)
13. Ouham-Pendé (Bozoum)
14. Vakaga (Birao)
This also added to the two economic zones or economic prefectures (capital in brackets):
1. Nana-Grébizi (Kaga Bandoro)
2. Sangha-Mbaéré (Nola)
Geography
The country is entirely landlocked in Africa. Most of this land, even, or plato sabana the spin, especially about 500 m dpl. In the northeast have Fertit Hill, and there are hills in the southwest this country. Marine in the west have Yade Massif, plato bergranit with a height of 1143 m.
Most of the southern part of the country is formed by children with the River Congo River in the east Mbomou who joined the Sunagi Uele form Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River flows through the country. Timurnya border extends along the Nile river water limit.
Estimates that the country is covered with forest on ranges in 75%, with the terpadatnya in the south. Forest is very diverse, including fdan species Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo important in the commercial [3]. Current level of deforestation is 0.4% per year, illegal logging and the public. [4]
General climate in the Central African Republic is tropical. Region is where the north wind harmattan, a hot, dry, and carry dust. The north where desertifikasi, and marine bergurun east. The other easily flooded from surrounding rivers.
Friday 13 February 2009
South Africa
Republic of South Africa Union or South Africa is a country in southern Africa. South Africa are with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe in the north, Mozambique and Swaziland in the northeast. Lesotho entire country is located in the hinterland of South Africa.
In the first period of a state government be censured because of this political 'apartheid'nya but now South Africa is a democratic country with the largest white population in the African continent. South Africa is also a country with many different people and has 11 official languages. The country is also famous as a diamond producer, gold and platinum in the main world.
History
South Africa is one of the oldest countries in the African continent. Many tribes have become a tribe penghuninya including Khoi, Bushmen, Xhosa and Zulu. Dutch explorers, known as the Afrikaner arrived there in 1652. At that time Britain is also interested with this country, especially after the discovery of abundant reserves of diamonds. This has caused the British-Dutch War and the two Boer Wars. At 1910, the four main republic merged under Unity South Africa. At 1931, South Africa fully into the British colony.
Although the country is under the British colony, they were forced to share power with the Afrikaner. The division of power has been continued until 1940s, when the party that is pro-Afrikaner National Party (NP) to obtain a majority in parliament. Strategies party has created the basic apartheid (which was passed in 1948), a way to oversee economic and social system of domination with the white race and discrimination. However the British government often thwart the efforts of comprehensive apartheid in South Africa.
In the year 1961, a special election after the skin is white, as South Africa declared a republic. Starting in the 1960s, 'Grand apartheid' (of apartheid) is carried out, this emphasizes the political isolation and oppression of the police.
Oppression of black continues until the end of 20th century. In February 1990, due to encouragement from other nations and great opposition from various anti-apartheid movement, especially African National Congress (ANC), the National Party government under President FW de clerk interesting behind the prohibition against African National Congress and political parties follow a course that left other and free Nelson Mandela from prison. The Act removed the apartheid start slowly and without discrimination in the election first held in 1994. The ANC achieved a great victory, and Nelson Mandela, the President appointed as the first black in South Africa. Although the powers already in the hands of black people, millions still live in poverty.
When Nelson Mandela became president of this country for 5 years, government has pledged to implement the changes mainly in the issues that have been ignored during the era of apartheid. Some issues are handled by the ANC leadership is like unemployment, AIDS epidemic, lack of housing and food. Mandela government also began to introduce the South Africa back to the global economy after several years diasingkankan because of political apartheid. In addition, in their efforts to unify the people the government also created a committee known as the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) under the leader Bishop Desmond Tutu. Committee to monitor the role government agencies such as police agencies so that South African society can live in safety and harmony.
President Mandela concentrate all attention on the national stage in the peace, and try to build a jatidiri to South Africa in the compound by a separate conflict to drag on for several decades. Mandela ability in achieving objectives clearly evident after 1994 because the country has been free from political conflict. Nelson Mandela laying his party ANC president in December 1997, to provide the opportunity for a new President is Thabo Mbeki. Mbeki elected as president after South Africa won national elections in 1999, and the thin partainya win two-thirds majority in parliament. President Mbeki has been the focus shifts from the atonement to the changes, especially in terms of the economic state.
Politics
South Africa is a democratic constitutional state system with three levels of the judiciary and the institutions that are free. There are three ratings that is national, regional and local government agencies that have legislative and executive powers to the regions of each.
President of South Africa is holding the two positions as Head of State and Head of Government. He was elected during the National Assembly (National Assembly) and Provincial Assembly province-National (National Council of Provinces) joined. Often, the President is leading the majority party in Parliament.
National Assembly has 400 members elected through proportional representation in elections. National Council of Provinces, which have replaced the Senate in 1997, consists of 90 members representing each province, including 9 major cities in South Africa.
In South Africa, elections are held every 5 years and each of the people aged 18 and above are required to participate. Last election was in April 2004, in which party wins the ANC successfully 69.68% seats in parliament. This party together with Inkatha Freedom Party (6.97%) have formed alliances of government. Parties including the main opposition Democratic Aliasi (12.37%), Unity Democratic Movement or UDM (2.28%), ID or Free Democrats (1.73%), New National Party or NNP (1.65%) and African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP (1.6%).
In addition, each province in South Africa has one penggubal laws of the Executive and Assembly diketuai by a Prime Minister or "Premier".
The division of administrative
Province
South Africa consists of nine provinces, namely:
1. Eastern Cape
2. Free State
3. Gauteng
4. KwaZulu-Natal
5. Limpopo
6. Mpumalanga
7. North West
8. Northern Cape
9. Western Cape
Main cities
Major cities in South Africa including Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town, Pretoria, Kimberley, Port Elizabeth and Bloemfontein.
Geography
South Africa is located at 29 ° 00 'S, 24 ° 00' T. Area region is 1,219,912 km ², including Robben Island, and Prince Edwards Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island). South Africa adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean on the west coast and the South Ocean and Indian Ocean on the east coast. Major ocean currents in the ocean-is cool Benguela current and the warm Agulhas current. The lowest point is Atlantic Ocean at 0 m and the high altitude is Njesuthi at 3408 m.
South Africa has a climate different. In the southwestern state, the climate is Mediterranean, in the area be it a simple, and in the northeast is a subtropical climate.
South Africa is a country rich with valuable mineral materials such as gold, platinum and diamonds. Material semulajadinya including mine gold, chromium, antimoni, charcoal, seeds of iron, Manganese, nickel, phosphate, bean tin, uranium, diamonds, platinum, kuprum, vanadium, salt, and the original gas.
Economy
South Africa is a country with a population of advanced simple income. Country is rich with mineral material mainly high value materials such as mine of gold, platinum and diamonds. It also has the financial system, legislation, telecommunications, energy, infrastructure is developed and modern. Johannesburg Stock Exchange in sahamnya so ever to be active in order to-10 in the world.
Since the arrival in the UK There, the state economy depend on the mining sector. But a few decades ago, these activities have been replaced by the production sector. South African industrial sector which is very advanced, and the economy to the 25-largest in the world. With only 7% of the population and 4% the amount of the overall area of Africa, South Africa spent over a third of products and services in Africa, and almost 40% of the industry in Africa. Material exported commodities: machinery equipment, food and equipment, chemicals, products petroliam and scientific equipment.
Demikan However, the HIV epidemic is a critical problem in this country. An estimated 4.79 million people dijangkiti AIDS and Africa's new government had to issue millions of Rand to handle this problem. Since South Africa opened perbatasannya after the end of apartheid, international syndicate Napza have entered this country. Now South Africa is mariyuana largest producer in the world. Political upheaval in Zimbabwe also give a bad impact to the economy this country. Many foreign investors worry the problem will affect the South Africa. In 2002, these issues have been the main factors decreasing the value of Rand 30 percent, but in 2004 the currency has been strong Rand.
Due to the basic apartheid that was conducted over more than four decades, poverty among the black population is the main problem most of the new South Africa. At the end of the 1980s had been budgeted 16 million people living in poverty and face down 2.3 million people at risk malnutrition and food shortages. However, the black South Africa has been successfully reduce poverty from 42% in 1994 to 24% in 2003.
Demographics
Demography in South Africa is divided into four main groups, namely: black, one white, one color (or people from the Asia-breed) and the Indian nation.
They are the largest in South Africa is the indigenous people of color that is 77% the number of people here. Black population consists of a plural society can be classified to the four ethnic groups based on the language of each. The largest groups, namely 50% of the population in Africa, here is the Nguni-speaking nations, including Ndebele, Swazi, Xhosa and Zulu. The second largest group is in the Sotho-Tswana, Sotho, including some of the nation, Pedi, and Tswana, and the majority in most of the Highveld. The last two groups is Tsonga, Shangaan or, in the North tertumpu and Mpumalanga area, and Venda, which is also tertumpu in the north area of South Africa.
The white consists of 11% of the population here, a nation the Netherlands, France, England and Germany. Most people in European countries this is a descendant of pioneer-explorers early in the Cape colony. There are also Portuguese minority groups - first group of descendants of early European explorers, whereas the second group of Dutch descendants of slaves who came from Indonesia.
9% of the South African nation consists of a colored or colored. This group of nations including the intervention and also marries Asian immigrants, who brought go to work as a coolie at Christmas. Whereas, 3% more of the nation India which comes from the Indian traders-traders.
Education
In South Africa, during the period of schooling is 13 years old - or level. However, the first year of education or level 0 and the last three years ie from level 10 to level 12 (also called "matric") is not required. Most schools offer a basic level of 0. But this level can also be made in kindergarten. Normally to enter university, a person must pass the "matric" with a minimum of three high-level subjects and not simply pass the (standard). Even some prestigious university academic requirements will impose higher. However, those who passed the "National Senior Certificate" qualified to study in the "technikon or technical college.
Under the apartheid system, education system dirangka based on skin color that is different ministries for students white, colored, Asian, and black people outside the Bantustan. This isolation has produced 14 different ministries of education in this country.
Penstrukturan education system after the apartheid-era is a big challenge for the country. Government has established a new system of national education without discrimination, but combining the 14 ministries of education is a difficult task. Thus in February 1996, the Ministry of Education has launched a new curriculum called "Curriculum 2005". This curriculum will replace the basic education under apartheid, will object to the result that students will become more proactive in the surrounding environment and also in the community. To achieve this objective, in 1999 the government has provided 5.7 percent of budget expenditures for the education sector, including building 2,000 new schools, 65,000 classrooms and a new full beralatan, 60,000 teachers trained and 50 million textbooks printed.
In 2004, South Africa has nearly 366,000 teachers and 28,000 schools, including 390 special schools and 1,000 private schools. Of this, 6000 is a high school (level 7 to level 12) and the rest is a primary school (level 1 to level 6).
South Africa also has a system of higher education is developed, which also separated the races during the era of apartheid. In 1995 there were 385,000 students studying in 21 universities and 190,000 students in the "technikon" (or technical institute vokasional). Almost 37 percent of the skin is white. But since 1994, including black students in universities are devoted to white students has been a sudden increase.
Culture
Free association in the community in the South African urban areas and the oppression of black culture during the apartheid era has resulted in the loss of old ways of living in the cities here. However, the black culture still exists in rural areas. Some cultural differences remain among the ethnic-ethnic in there, such as customary law of marriage and their adat. But in general, the black tradition is based on trust to the gods of brave and masculine, spirit-grandmother and great-grandparent supernatural powers. Also justified polygamy and "lobolo" (dowry) is usually to be paid. Buffaloes play an important role in most cultures, as symbols of wealth and animal sacrifice.
Art South Africa can be seen from the various caves and rock paintings by San tribes, some of them painted since 26,000 years ago. Beads that up carefully by the tribe of Zulu is also a craft popular in this country. Unfortunately, the black culture has been deleted during the apartheid-era. Tradition of day-to-day that are closely tied to tradition and culture of black people has been ignored and eliminated. An example is the most ketara destruction "District Six", a multicultural area in Cape Town and Sophiatown in Johannesburg, where many musicians-renowned international musicians come together and hone their mastery. Between popular music groups including Ladysmith Black Mambazo who has brought South African music to the Western world, before and after apartheid.
In terms of food, steak or boerewors sausage, boiled vegetables and chips (fried potatoes) are the main food, and food is usually a bit more daunting challenge. Food here lead to more meat. Food of Africa rarely sold in restaurants here, although people can get a cheap and rice "stew" of the outlets-outlets in urban areas. Beer and brandy are the most popular drink among the people, and increasingly popular wine here.
International organizations
South Africa is a member of several international organizations, among them:
* ACP
* AfDB
* AU
* Commonwealth
* FAO
* G-24
* G-77
* Movement Non-Blok
ONUB *
* OPCW
* WHO
* WMO
* WTO
Republic of South Africa Union or South Africa is a country in southern Africa. South Africa are with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe in the north, Mozambique and Swaziland in the northeast. Lesotho entire country is located in the hinterland of South Africa.
In the first period of a state government be censured because of this political 'apartheid'nya but now South Africa is a democratic country with the largest white population in the African continent. South Africa is also a country with many different people and has 11 official languages. The country is also famous as a diamond producer, gold and platinum in the main world.
History
South Africa is one of the oldest countries in the African continent. Many tribes have become a tribe penghuninya including Khoi, Bushmen, Xhosa and Zulu. Dutch explorers, known as the Afrikaner arrived there in 1652. At that time Britain is also interested with this country, especially after the discovery of abundant reserves of diamonds. This has caused the British-Dutch War and the two Boer Wars. At 1910, the four main republic merged under Unity South Africa. At 1931, South Africa fully into the British colony.
Although the country is under the British colony, they were forced to share power with the Afrikaner. The division of power has been continued until 1940s, when the party that is pro-Afrikaner National Party (NP) to obtain a majority in parliament. Strategies party has created the basic apartheid (which was passed in 1948), a way to oversee economic and social system of domination with the white race and discrimination. However the British government often thwart the efforts of comprehensive apartheid in South Africa.
In the year 1961, a special election after the skin is white, as South Africa declared a republic. Starting in the 1960s, 'Grand apartheid' (of apartheid) is carried out, this emphasizes the political isolation and oppression of the police.
Oppression of black continues until the end of 20th century. In February 1990, due to encouragement from other nations and great opposition from various anti-apartheid movement, especially African National Congress (ANC), the National Party government under President FW de clerk interesting behind the prohibition against African National Congress and political parties follow a course that left other and free Nelson Mandela from prison. The Act removed the apartheid start slowly and without discrimination in the election first held in 1994. The ANC achieved a great victory, and Nelson Mandela, the President appointed as the first black in South Africa. Although the powers already in the hands of black people, millions still live in poverty.
When Nelson Mandela became president of this country for 5 years, government has pledged to implement the changes mainly in the issues that have been ignored during the era of apartheid. Some issues are handled by the ANC leadership is like unemployment, AIDS epidemic, lack of housing and food. Mandela government also began to introduce the South Africa back to the global economy after several years diasingkankan because of political apartheid. In addition, in their efforts to unify the people the government also created a committee known as the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) under the leader Bishop Desmond Tutu. Committee to monitor the role government agencies such as police agencies so that South African society can live in safety and harmony.
President Mandela concentrate all attention on the national stage in the peace, and try to build a jatidiri to South Africa in the compound by a separate conflict to drag on for several decades. Mandela ability in achieving objectives clearly evident after 1994 because the country has been free from political conflict. Nelson Mandela laying his party ANC president in December 1997, to provide the opportunity for a new President is Thabo Mbeki. Mbeki elected as president after South Africa won national elections in 1999, and the thin partainya win two-thirds majority in parliament. President Mbeki has been the focus shifts from the atonement to the changes, especially in terms of the economic state.
Politics
South Africa is a democratic constitutional state system with three levels of the judiciary and the institutions that are free. There are three ratings that is national, regional and local government agencies that have legislative and executive powers to the regions of each.
President of South Africa is holding the two positions as Head of State and Head of Government. He was elected during the National Assembly (National Assembly) and Provincial Assembly province-National (National Council of Provinces) joined. Often, the President is leading the majority party in Parliament.
National Assembly has 400 members elected through proportional representation in elections. National Council of Provinces, which have replaced the Senate in 1997, consists of 90 members representing each province, including 9 major cities in South Africa.
In South Africa, elections are held every 5 years and each of the people aged 18 and above are required to participate. Last election was in April 2004, in which party wins the ANC successfully 69.68% seats in parliament. This party together with Inkatha Freedom Party (6.97%) have formed alliances of government. Parties including the main opposition Democratic Aliasi (12.37%), Unity Democratic Movement or UDM (2.28%), ID or Free Democrats (1.73%), New National Party or NNP (1.65%) and African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP (1.6%).
In addition, each province in South Africa has one penggubal laws of the Executive and Assembly diketuai by a Prime Minister or "Premier".
The division of administrative
Province
South Africa consists of nine provinces, namely:
1. Eastern Cape
2. Free State
3. Gauteng
4. KwaZulu-Natal
5. Limpopo
6. Mpumalanga
7. North West
8. Northern Cape
9. Western Cape
Main cities
Major cities in South Africa including Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town, Pretoria, Kimberley, Port Elizabeth and Bloemfontein.
Geography
South Africa is located at 29 ° 00 'S, 24 ° 00' T. Area region is 1,219,912 km ², including Robben Island, and Prince Edwards Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island). South Africa adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean on the west coast and the South Ocean and Indian Ocean on the east coast. Major ocean currents in the ocean-is cool Benguela current and the warm Agulhas current. The lowest point is Atlantic Ocean at 0 m and the high altitude is Njesuthi at 3408 m.
South Africa has a climate different. In the southwestern state, the climate is Mediterranean, in the area be it a simple, and in the northeast is a subtropical climate.
South Africa is a country rich with valuable mineral materials such as gold, platinum and diamonds. Material semulajadinya including mine gold, chromium, antimoni, charcoal, seeds of iron, Manganese, nickel, phosphate, bean tin, uranium, diamonds, platinum, kuprum, vanadium, salt, and the original gas.
Economy
South Africa is a country with a population of advanced simple income. Country is rich with mineral material mainly high value materials such as mine of gold, platinum and diamonds. It also has the financial system, legislation, telecommunications, energy, infrastructure is developed and modern. Johannesburg Stock Exchange in sahamnya so ever to be active in order to-10 in the world.
Since the arrival in the UK There, the state economy depend on the mining sector. But a few decades ago, these activities have been replaced by the production sector. South African industrial sector which is very advanced, and the economy to the 25-largest in the world. With only 7% of the population and 4% the amount of the overall area of Africa, South Africa spent over a third of products and services in Africa, and almost 40% of the industry in Africa. Material exported commodities: machinery equipment, food and equipment, chemicals, products petroliam and scientific equipment.
Demikan However, the HIV epidemic is a critical problem in this country. An estimated 4.79 million people dijangkiti AIDS and Africa's new government had to issue millions of Rand to handle this problem. Since South Africa opened perbatasannya after the end of apartheid, international syndicate Napza have entered this country. Now South Africa is mariyuana largest producer in the world. Political upheaval in Zimbabwe also give a bad impact to the economy this country. Many foreign investors worry the problem will affect the South Africa. In 2002, these issues have been the main factors decreasing the value of Rand 30 percent, but in 2004 the currency has been strong Rand.
Due to the basic apartheid that was conducted over more than four decades, poverty among the black population is the main problem most of the new South Africa. At the end of the 1980s had been budgeted 16 million people living in poverty and face down 2.3 million people at risk malnutrition and food shortages. However, the black South Africa has been successfully reduce poverty from 42% in 1994 to 24% in 2003.
Demographics
Demography in South Africa is divided into four main groups, namely: black, one white, one color (or people from the Asia-breed) and the Indian nation.
They are the largest in South Africa is the indigenous people of color that is 77% the number of people here. Black population consists of a plural society can be classified to the four ethnic groups based on the language of each. The largest groups, namely 50% of the population in Africa, here is the Nguni-speaking nations, including Ndebele, Swazi, Xhosa and Zulu. The second largest group is in the Sotho-Tswana, Sotho, including some of the nation, Pedi, and Tswana, and the majority in most of the Highveld. The last two groups is Tsonga, Shangaan or, in the North tertumpu and Mpumalanga area, and Venda, which is also tertumpu in the north area of South Africa.
The white consists of 11% of the population here, a nation the Netherlands, France, England and Germany. Most people in European countries this is a descendant of pioneer-explorers early in the Cape colony. There are also Portuguese minority groups - first group of descendants of early European explorers, whereas the second group of Dutch descendants of slaves who came from Indonesia.
9% of the South African nation consists of a colored or colored. This group of nations including the intervention and also marries Asian immigrants, who brought go to work as a coolie at Christmas. Whereas, 3% more of the nation India which comes from the Indian traders-traders.
Education
In South Africa, during the period of schooling is 13 years old - or level. However, the first year of education or level 0 and the last three years ie from level 10 to level 12 (also called "matric") is not required. Most schools offer a basic level of 0. But this level can also be made in kindergarten. Normally to enter university, a person must pass the "matric" with a minimum of three high-level subjects and not simply pass the (standard). Even some prestigious university academic requirements will impose higher. However, those who passed the "National Senior Certificate" qualified to study in the "technikon or technical college.
Under the apartheid system, education system dirangka based on skin color that is different ministries for students white, colored, Asian, and black people outside the Bantustan. This isolation has produced 14 different ministries of education in this country.
Penstrukturan education system after the apartheid-era is a big challenge for the country. Government has established a new system of national education without discrimination, but combining the 14 ministries of education is a difficult task. Thus in February 1996, the Ministry of Education has launched a new curriculum called "Curriculum 2005". This curriculum will replace the basic education under apartheid, will object to the result that students will become more proactive in the surrounding environment and also in the community. To achieve this objective, in 1999 the government has provided 5.7 percent of budget expenditures for the education sector, including building 2,000 new schools, 65,000 classrooms and a new full beralatan, 60,000 teachers trained and 50 million textbooks printed.
In 2004, South Africa has nearly 366,000 teachers and 28,000 schools, including 390 special schools and 1,000 private schools. Of this, 6000 is a high school (level 7 to level 12) and the rest is a primary school (level 1 to level 6).
South Africa also has a system of higher education is developed, which also separated the races during the era of apartheid. In 1995 there were 385,000 students studying in 21 universities and 190,000 students in the "technikon" (or technical institute vokasional). Almost 37 percent of the skin is white. But since 1994, including black students in universities are devoted to white students has been a sudden increase.
Culture
Free association in the community in the South African urban areas and the oppression of black culture during the apartheid era has resulted in the loss of old ways of living in the cities here. However, the black culture still exists in rural areas. Some cultural differences remain among the ethnic-ethnic in there, such as customary law of marriage and their adat. But in general, the black tradition is based on trust to the gods of brave and masculine, spirit-grandmother and great-grandparent supernatural powers. Also justified polygamy and "lobolo" (dowry) is usually to be paid. Buffaloes play an important role in most cultures, as symbols of wealth and animal sacrifice.
Art South Africa can be seen from the various caves and rock paintings by San tribes, some of them painted since 26,000 years ago. Beads that up carefully by the tribe of Zulu is also a craft popular in this country. Unfortunately, the black culture has been deleted during the apartheid-era. Tradition of day-to-day that are closely tied to tradition and culture of black people has been ignored and eliminated. An example is the most ketara destruction "District Six", a multicultural area in Cape Town and Sophiatown in Johannesburg, where many musicians-renowned international musicians come together and hone their mastery. Between popular music groups including Ladysmith Black Mambazo who has brought South African music to the Western world, before and after apartheid.
In terms of food, steak or boerewors sausage, boiled vegetables and chips (fried potatoes) are the main food, and food is usually a bit more daunting challenge. Food here lead to more meat. Food of Africa rarely sold in restaurants here, although people can get a cheap and rice "stew" of the outlets-outlets in urban areas. Beer and brandy are the most popular drink among the people, and increasingly popular wine here.
International organizations
South Africa is a member of several international organizations, among them:
* ACP
* AfDB
* AU
* Commonwealth
* FAO
* G-24
* G-77
* Movement Non-Blok
ONUB *
* OPCW
* WHO
* WMO
* WTO
Thursday 12 February 2009
Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Pashtun / from-Parsi: افغانستان, Afghanistan) is a country in Central Asia. He is sometimes classified as part of South Asia or the Middle East because of proximity to Iran Plato. Afghanistan borders with Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan to the north, and the People's Republic of China at the end of the east. Afghanistan also borders Kashmir, the region dipersengketakan by India and Pakistan. Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world.
In the period between tergulingnya the Taliban regime in 2001 and queasiness jirga (council chamber Musyawarah Traditional) in 2004, the Western world call this country with the name of Transitional Islamic State Afghanistan.
Politics
Now, a temporary government was established. Diketuai by President Hamid Karzai, most members of the Northern Alliance, and the mix of regional and other ethnic groups made the transition from government by queasiness jirga. Former king Zahir Shah returned to the country, but never returned again as the king and only the strength seremonial limited.
Approval under the Bonn Agreement (Bonn Agreement), Afghanistan Constitutional Commission was established to consult with the public and the establishment of the constitution draft. Draft scheduled launch on 1 September 2003, the commission has requested a delay so that a further consultation. Meeting queasiness jirga (council of noble) constitutional held in December 2003 when the new constitution was adopted which created the presidential form of government.
Troops and intelligence agencies from the U.S. and a number of other countries present, some to keep the peace, other assigned to pursue the remaining Taliban and al-Qaeda. UN Peace Force guards called operating the International Security Assistant Force in Kabul, began in December 2001. NATO took control this force on 11 August 2003. Most of the country remain under the control of war commander.
On 27 March 2003, WaMenHan Afghanistan and the effect of war commander General Abdul Rashid Dostum created task for the North Zone and Afghanistan to lift the officials that, while opposing the president Hamid Karzai that the zone no longer in Afghanistan.
Demographics
Afghanistan is home to a number of tribes. However, because there is no adequate census jiwaan, so be sure not actual conditions. And is available now only based on mere estimates. Based on records from the CIA World Factbook (updated on 17 May 2005), racial composition in Afghanistan is as follows: Pashto 42%, concentrated in the eastern and southern Afghanistan, Tajik 27% based in the north and Kabul, Hazara 9% is in Afghanistan including central Bamiyan; Uzbek 9%; Aimak4%; Turkmen 3%; Baluchi 2% and 4% of the rest includes Wakhidan Kyrgyz.
Two official languages Afghanistan Afgani Persia is often called from (50%), and the Pashtun (35%). Other languages are languages Turkik (Uzbek and Turkmenistan that are used by 11% people), and 30 minor languages, primarily Baluchi and Pashai (4%). Many people that Afghanistan is able to use two or more languages.
According to the religious people most of Afghanistan is Sunni Muslim (80%), Muslim Syi'ah (19%), and other (1%).
Geography
Afghanistan country is mountainous, despite a plateau in the north and southwest. Highest point in Afghanistan, Nowshak, is 7485 m dpl. Part of the country is dry, and clean water supplies are limited. Afghanistan has a land climate, with hot summer and the cold snowy season. The country is often the center of the earthquake bumi.Di side of the capital city of Kabul, Herat, Jalalabad, Mazar-e Sharif and Kandahar are the major cities this country. See also cities in Afghanistan.
Economy
Afghanistan is a country that is relatively poor, highly dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. Weakening economy and political unrest due to military events, with the additional difficulty of having the nation between 1998-2001. Some people experience a crisis food, clothing, housing, and inadequate health care. This condition diperburuk by military operations and political uncertainties. Inflation leaving a lot of problems. Following the war coalition led by the U.S. cause the fall of the Taliban in November 2001 and the establishment of Afghanistan Interim Authority (AIA), which resulted from the December 2001 Bonn Agreement, International efforts to rebuild Afghanistan is aimed at the Tokyo Donor Conference for Afghanistan Reconstruction in January 2002, in which $ 4 , 5 million collected for the trust fund will be managed by the World Bank. Priority areas for reconstruction include the construction of education, health, and health facilities, administrative capacity, the development of the agricultural sector, and rebuilding roads, energy, and telecommunications network.
Culture
Many historical monuments in this country is broken war years. 2 famous Buddha statue in Bamiyan province was destroyed because the Taliban is seen as the symbol of another religion.
People known as the Afghanistan equestrian. Sports such as the famous Buzkashi there.
Before the Taliban hold power, the city of Kabul is home to many musicians are experts in traditional music and modern Afghanistan. Kabul on the part of 20th century Vienna with the same during the XVIII and XIX centuries.
Education
In the spring of 2003, estimated that 30% of Afghanistan's 7000 schools have been damaged worse during more than 2 decades of the Soviet Union, civil war and Taliban control. Only half of the schools that have reported water supply, with less than 40% are estimated to have adequate sanitation. Education for boys is not a priority during the Taliban, women and children removed from schools outright.
With regard to poverty and violence around them, a study in 2002 by a group parlormaid Save the Children said children ulet Afghanistan and the brave. Studies of praise to strong family institutions and the environment.
Up to 4 million children Afghanistan, possibly the largest amount, has to be signed up for classes for the school year that began in March 2003.
Overall literacy rate of 36% is estimated.
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Pashtun / from-Parsi: افغانستان, Afghanistan) is a country in Central Asia. He is sometimes classified as part of South Asia or the Middle East because of proximity to Iran Plato. Afghanistan borders with Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan to the north, and the People's Republic of China at the end of the east. Afghanistan also borders Kashmir, the region dipersengketakan by India and Pakistan. Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world.
In the period between tergulingnya the Taliban regime in 2001 and queasiness jirga (council chamber Musyawarah Traditional) in 2004, the Western world call this country with the name of Transitional Islamic State Afghanistan.
Politics
Now, a temporary government was established. Diketuai by President Hamid Karzai, most members of the Northern Alliance, and the mix of regional and other ethnic groups made the transition from government by queasiness jirga. Former king Zahir Shah returned to the country, but never returned again as the king and only the strength seremonial limited.
Approval under the Bonn Agreement (Bonn Agreement), Afghanistan Constitutional Commission was established to consult with the public and the establishment of the constitution draft. Draft scheduled launch on 1 September 2003, the commission has requested a delay so that a further consultation. Meeting queasiness jirga (council of noble) constitutional held in December 2003 when the new constitution was adopted which created the presidential form of government.
Troops and intelligence agencies from the U.S. and a number of other countries present, some to keep the peace, other assigned to pursue the remaining Taliban and al-Qaeda. UN Peace Force guards called operating the International Security Assistant Force in Kabul, began in December 2001. NATO took control this force on 11 August 2003. Most of the country remain under the control of war commander.
On 27 March 2003, WaMenHan Afghanistan and the effect of war commander General Abdul Rashid Dostum created task for the North Zone and Afghanistan to lift the officials that, while opposing the president Hamid Karzai that the zone no longer in Afghanistan.
Demographics
Afghanistan is home to a number of tribes. However, because there is no adequate census jiwaan, so be sure not actual conditions. And is available now only based on mere estimates. Based on records from the CIA World Factbook (updated on 17 May 2005), racial composition in Afghanistan is as follows: Pashto 42%, concentrated in the eastern and southern Afghanistan, Tajik 27% based in the north and Kabul, Hazara 9% is in Afghanistan including central Bamiyan; Uzbek 9%; Aimak4%; Turkmen 3%; Baluchi 2% and 4% of the rest includes Wakhidan Kyrgyz.
Two official languages Afghanistan Afgani Persia is often called from (50%), and the Pashtun (35%). Other languages are languages Turkik (Uzbek and Turkmenistan that are used by 11% people), and 30 minor languages, primarily Baluchi and Pashai (4%). Many people that Afghanistan is able to use two or more languages.
According to the religious people most of Afghanistan is Sunni Muslim (80%), Muslim Syi'ah (19%), and other (1%).
Geography
Afghanistan country is mountainous, despite a plateau in the north and southwest. Highest point in Afghanistan, Nowshak, is 7485 m dpl. Part of the country is dry, and clean water supplies are limited. Afghanistan has a land climate, with hot summer and the cold snowy season. The country is often the center of the earthquake bumi.Di side of the capital city of Kabul, Herat, Jalalabad, Mazar-e Sharif and Kandahar are the major cities this country. See also cities in Afghanistan.
Economy
Afghanistan is a country that is relatively poor, highly dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. Weakening economy and political unrest due to military events, with the additional difficulty of having the nation between 1998-2001. Some people experience a crisis food, clothing, housing, and inadequate health care. This condition diperburuk by military operations and political uncertainties. Inflation leaving a lot of problems. Following the war coalition led by the U.S. cause the fall of the Taliban in November 2001 and the establishment of Afghanistan Interim Authority (AIA), which resulted from the December 2001 Bonn Agreement, International efforts to rebuild Afghanistan is aimed at the Tokyo Donor Conference for Afghanistan Reconstruction in January 2002, in which $ 4 , 5 million collected for the trust fund will be managed by the World Bank. Priority areas for reconstruction include the construction of education, health, and health facilities, administrative capacity, the development of the agricultural sector, and rebuilding roads, energy, and telecommunications network.
Culture
Many historical monuments in this country is broken war years. 2 famous Buddha statue in Bamiyan province was destroyed because the Taliban is seen as the symbol of another religion.
People known as the Afghanistan equestrian. Sports such as the famous Buzkashi there.
Before the Taliban hold power, the city of Kabul is home to many musicians are experts in traditional music and modern Afghanistan. Kabul on the part of 20th century Vienna with the same during the XVIII and XIX centuries.
Education
In the spring of 2003, estimated that 30% of Afghanistan's 7000 schools have been damaged worse during more than 2 decades of the Soviet Union, civil war and Taliban control. Only half of the schools that have reported water supply, with less than 40% are estimated to have adequate sanitation. Education for boys is not a priority during the Taliban, women and children removed from schools outright.
With regard to poverty and violence around them, a study in 2002 by a group parlormaid Save the Children said children ulet Afghanistan and the brave. Studies of praise to strong family institutions and the environment.
Up to 4 million children Afghanistan, possibly the largest amount, has to be signed up for classes for the school year that began in March 2003.
Overall literacy rate of 36% is estimated.
Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz language: Аҧсны / Apsny, Georgian language: აფხაზეთი / Apkhazeti, Russian: Абхазия / Abkhazia) is a republican state, which is de facto independent, covering 8600 km ², located in the Caucasus. Georgian claim Abkhazia region as kedaulatannya. Kedaulatan republic is not recognized internationally, except Russia confess that on 26 August 2008 together with the sovereignty of South Ossetia. [1] Abkhazia is located on the east coast of the Black Sea, bordered with the Russian Federation in the north. With Georgia, perbatasannya on the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti to the east.
Abkhazia (Abkhaz language: Аҧсны / Apsny, Georgian language: აფხაზეთი / Apkhazeti, Russian: Абхазия / Abkhazia) is a republican state, which is de facto independent, covering 8600 km ², located in the Caucasus. Georgian claim Abkhazia region as kedaulatannya. Kedaulatan republic is not recognized internationally, except Russia confess that on 26 August 2008 together with the sovereignty of South Ossetia. [1] Abkhazia is located on the east coast of the Black Sea, bordered with the Russian Federation in the north. With Georgia, perbatasannya on the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti to the east.
Malaysia
Malaysia is a country located in Southeast Asia. Malaysia has two main regions separated by the South China Sea, the
* Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), bordered by Thailand in the north and Singapore in the south
* East Malaysia, on the north island of Kalimantan is bordered by Indonesia and Brunei in the south to the north.
Malaysia is one of the pioneering countries of ASEAN.
History
Peninsular Malaya developed as the main trading center in Southeast Asia, because the growth of trade between China and India and other countries through the Malacca busy. Ptolemy showed the map with which to translate the label 'Golden Chersonese', with the Malacca as "Sinus Sabaricus".
Malay kingdom of the most recorded in the history of the early growth of the city-port edge of the beach made the 10 century. Including in Langkasuka and Lembah Bujang in Kedah, and also Beruas and Gangga Negara in Perak and Pan Pan in Kelantan. All of the kingdom is estimated to Hindu or Buddhist. Islam arrived on the 14-century in Terengganu.
Early 15th century, Malacca Sultanate was founded by the dynasty started by Parameswara from Palembang, Indonesia. With Melaka as the capital, control over this region is now Peninsular Malaya, southern Thailand (Pattani, and the east coast of Sumatra. This kingdom lasted for more than a century, and in this period Islam spread to all the Malay Islands. Melaka as a trading port important that is located almost in the middle of the trade route India and China.
Portugal make Malacca a colony in the year 1511 with the strength of the military, and the Sultanate of Malacca. However, the last Sultan fled to Kampar in Sumatra and died there. One of their children to go to the north of Peninsula Malaya Perak Sultanate and established, and the other children went to the south of the peninsula and create a capital that was there in the Sultanate of Johor.
Kingdom is a continuation of the old Sultanate of Malacca, but is now known as the Sultanate of Johor, which still exists until now. After the fall of Malacca, three-state fight to take control the Malacca: Portuguese (in Malacca), Johor Sultanate, and the Sultanate of Aceh, and the war ended in 1641, when the Dutch (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) seize Malacca. Britain took over Malacca in 1824, when (London treaties) signed with the Netherlands, of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
British crown colony, Strait Settlement (Negeri-Negeri Selat) was established in 1826, the United Kingdom and gradually memningkatkan area all his power to the peninsula. Settlement passage consists of three ports, namely Singapore, Pulau Pinang, and Malacca. Pulau Pinang which was established in 1786 by Captain Francis Light as a commercial post awarded by the Sultan Kedah. Malacca fell in the power of the United Kingdom after the Dutch-British Agreement in 1824 and two years later, the passage of the country was founded. Countries is governed by the British East India Company in Calcutta until 1867 when the administration transferred to the colonial office in London.
Also at about this time many Malay country, decided to help get the United Kingdom in internal conflicts. Less than ten years after the movement of the transfer is complete, some of the country's west coast in the Malay Peninsula to be under the influence of the United Kingdom.
The role of traders in the country-see the passage of British government intervention in the countries of tin in the Malay Peninsula. Plus the interference Group Confidential Chinese brothers and war, diplomacy gunboat Briton executed to bring a peaceful settlement to the merchant to provide the lands strait. Finally, the Pangkor Agreement in 1874 to give way for the extension of the United Kingdom, and the 20th century the lands Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, all known as the Malay Unity Affairs, under the government of the United Kingdom who are assigned to provide advice to Sultan.
Countries this is known as Negeri Melayu Bersatu (Federated Malay States) and, not directly under the power of London, but has a British adviser in the Sultan's palace. Four states of the north of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, and previously was under the power of Thailand. British North Borneo (now Sabah) is a British colony under the leadership of Sultanate of Sulu, and the Sarawak area is private land Brooke family.
Menyusulnya Japanese occupation during World War II, support for independent population growth, followed by the communist interference. Plan of the United Kingdom after the war to form a "Malayan Union" (United Malaya) dikacaukan by a strong Malay opposition who wanted a decent Malay system, and want only one citizenship, not dwikewarganegaraan, which can give the immigrant community can claim Malaya citizenship and country of origin them. Achieved independence on 31 August 1957 with the name Malaya Federation. Singapore is still under the authority of the United Kingdom at this time because the location of the stategis.
New federation under the name of Malaysia was formed on 16 September 1963 through the merger with Malaya Federation colonies other Briton, namely Singapore, North Borneo (later called Sabah) and Sarawak, the two are the last colony on the island of Borneo. Sultanate of Brunei, although it initially wanted to join Malaysia, but interesting because of his opposition from certain parts of the population and the debate about the oil royalty payment.
Start the independence of Malaysia dikacaukan by Indonesian efforts to control Malaysia in the confrontation by Soekarno in Trikora, discharge of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965 was obtained discriminatory treatment, and racial conflict in the country in the year 1969. Philippines also make a claim on Sabah which is based on the handover to the eastern sea to the Sultanate of Brunei Sultanate of Sulu in 1704. Claim Philippines still continues to this day.
After the ethnic riot on May 13, 1969, controversial New Economic Policy - the desire to improve the local economy be gazed by another ethnic group - issued by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak. Malaysia's there to keep the balance of political-ethnic soft, and to develop rules that combine a unique economic growth and political rules of the Bumiputera (a group of ethnic Malays and indigenous people) and Malaysian citizens who profess Islam.
Between the 1980s to early 1990s, Malaysia experienced rapid economic growth under the leadership Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad, the fourth prime minister Malaysia. In this period of economic transition into production based on agricultural and industrial machines in the field of electronics and home goods.
At the end of the 1990s, Malaysia diguncang Asian financial crisis. Opposition to some aspects of the system that have brought down the government. Opposition from the socialist party and reformis until the mengadvokasikan establishment of an Islamic state.
In 2003, Dr. Mahathir, prime minister of the oldest in Malaysia, resigned the position and submit to the deputinya, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Government mengadvokasikan new view of moderate Islamic country that is defined by Islam Hadhari.
Politics
Federation of Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy. Malaysia diketuai by a king which is known by the name of Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by and from 9 states of the sultan of the Malaysian-led to the sultan for five years in turns.
This system is based on the Westminster because Malaysia is a land of the former British colony. Government more power held by the executive branch of the judiciary. Regular elections are held every 5 years.
Executive power is determined by the cabinet led by Prime Minister. Based on the Constitution of Malaysia, the Prime Minister must be a member of the Council of the People, according to the opinion that the di-Pertuan Agong, a majority support in parliament. Meanwhile, the cabinet is a member of parliament elected from the Council of the People or the Council of State.
Parliament divided over the Council of the People and the Council of State. The Council of State has 70 people senator (the call was given to the members of the Council of State). Elections can be divided by two members:
1. 26 members elected by the Board as representatives of Invitation 13 states (each state represented by two members).
2. 44 members appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister, including two members of Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, and one member each from the Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan and Putrajaya.
The Council of the People has 222 members, and each member represents a constituency. They were selected on the basis of support by many parties over the election. Each member of the Board holds office for five years, and after that a new election will be held. Judicial power be distributed between the federation and state governments.
Of political power in Malaysia is very important to fight for an issue and the right. Therefore, the power play a very important role in making changes.
Geography
Malaysia consists of two main regions separated by the South China Sea. Both have the form of the earth, almost the same, namely from the seafront up to the sloping hills and dense forest is high. Highest peak in Malaysia (and also in Kalimantan) is Mount Kinabalu at 4,095.2 meters in Sabah. Malaysia's climate is equatorial, and visited each year by muson from the southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February).
Putrajaya is the central federal government with a new purpose built to avoid the traffic density in Kuala Lumpur. Parliament does not move, and Kuala Lumpur is still the capital of Malaysia. Other major cities including Ipoh, George Town, Johor Bahru, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu.
Economy
Malaysia is a simple state income, changed from a country of raw materials such as gum, tin ore, and so forth. In 1971, a state multisektor through the New Economic Policy. Basically, the growth of Malaysia depends on the export of electronics such as computer chips and so forth. As a result, Malaysia felt great pressure during the economic crisis in 1998 and decline in information technology sector in 2001. KDNK in 2001 only increased by as much as 0.3% caused 11% reduction in exports but the fiscal stimulus package has a large impact on reducing these.
Malaysia has a number of elements of a stable macroeconomic (in which inflation and unemployment remains below 3%), savings and foreign currency exchange healthy, and the foreign debt low. This allows Malaysia to not experience the same crisis as the financial crisis in Asia in 1997. However, long-term prospects look less good due to a lack of changes in the legal sector that deals mainly with corporate debt and the high competitive.
In addition to latex and palm oil which are in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak also rich in natural resources such as timber Balak, oil and natural gas.
Demographics
Malaysia consists of various races and religions, with the Malay race to be the biggest race in Malaysia with 54% of the citizens. In Malaysia's constitution, a Malay Malaysian citizens who practice traditional Malay, Bahasa Malaysia to use, and Mohammedan. Approximately 25% of Malaysia is Chinese, and 7% more of India. Almost 85% India race in Malaysia is a Tamil community.
More than half of the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of the indigenous non-Malay. Inclusion of other racial or less to reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states is. The situation in Sabah after the entry of UMNO garbled in the political business in the country. They divided up the collection of dozens of races but has the same general culture. The main tribe is the Kadazan-Dusun, Dayak, and Iban. Until the 20th century, most of them practice traditional beliefs, but now many are already embrace Christianity or Islam.
In addition, Malaysia also has a population that came from Europe and the Middle East. Population density terdistribusi Malaysia is not evenly distributed, with 17 million of 25 million people of Malaysia live in Peninsular Malaysia.
Culture
Culture refers to the Malaysian culture all that there is a plural society in Malaysia and the various tribes there, such as:
1. Malay culture
2. Chinese culture
3. Cultural India
4. Kadazan-Dusun culture
5. Kebudayaan Dayak, Iban, Kayan, Kenyah, Murut, Lun Bawang, Kelabit, and Bidayuh.
State and regional partnership
Malaysia consists of 13 states and 3 territories alliance (alliance of all three regions are combined into one flag in Malaysia) which is represented as the fourteen lines and corners of the stars in the Flag of Malaysia, called "Channel Gemilang":
Peninsular Malaysia
1. Johor Darul esteem
2. Kedah Darul Aman
3. Kelantan Darul Naim
4. Historical Melaka Bandaraya
5. Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus
6. Pahang Darul Makmur
7. Perak Darul Ridzuan
8. Perlis Indera Kayangan
9. Pulau Pinang Pulau Mutiara
10. Selangor Darul Ehsan
11. Terengganu Darul Iman
12. Wilayah Persekutuan
1. Kuala Lumpur
2. Putrajaya
East Malaysia
1. Sabah Negeri Di Bawah Bayu
2. Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang
3. Wilayah Persekutuan
1. Labuan
Tourism
Here are some popular tourism in Malaysia.
Mount
1. Bukit Bendera, Pulau Pinang
2. Cameron Highlands, Pahang
3. Genting Highlands, Pahang
4. Gunung Jerai, Kedah
5. Mount Kinabalu, Sabah
6. Gunung Ledang, Johor
7. Gunung Tahan, Pahang
River
1. Waterfall Lata Kinjang, Perak
2. Highest Waterfall City, Johor
3. Telaga Tujuh waterfalls, Kedah
4. Cascade Toi, Negeri Sembilan
Beach
1. Stone Ferringghi, Pinang
2. Pantai Cahaya Bulan, Kelantan
3. Cherating Beach, Pahang
4. Desaru Beach, Johor
5. Pantai Merdeka, Kedah
6. Beach Morib, Selangor
7. Pantai Tanjung Aru, Sabah
8. Pantai Teluk Batik, Perak
9. Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan
10. Rantau Abang, Terengganu
11. Danga Bay, Johor
Island
1. Pulau Kapas, Terengganu
2. Pulau Langkawi, Kedah
3. Pulau Pangkor, Perak
4. Payar Island, Kedah
5. The Island, Johor
6. Island stops, Terengganu
7. Pulau Redang, Terengganu
8. Pulau Sibu, Johor
9. Pulau Sipadan, Sabah
10. Pulau Tioman, Pahang
Another
1. A Famosa, Malacca
2. Batu Caves, Selangor
3. Lake Kenyir, Terengganu
4. Sultan Abdul Samad Building, Kuala Lumpur
5. Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur
6. Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur
7. Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur
8. Menara Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur
9. Sumur Hang Tuah, Melaka
10. Taman Negara Malaysia, Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu
11. Garden State Niah, Sarawak
12. Zoo Negara, Kuala Lumpur
Major figures in Malaysia
1. Dato 'Onn bin Jaafar
2. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Al-Tuan Guru Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah
3. Tun Abdul Razak Hussein
4. Tun Hussein Onn
5. Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad
6. Dato 'Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Organization
* EAEC previous EAEG
* EAF
* ASEAN
* OKI
* State of
* The United Nations
* South-South Cooperation
* GNB
Malaysia is a country located in Southeast Asia. Malaysia has two main regions separated by the South China Sea, the
* Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), bordered by Thailand in the north and Singapore in the south
* East Malaysia, on the north island of Kalimantan is bordered by Indonesia and Brunei in the south to the north.
Malaysia is one of the pioneering countries of ASEAN.
History
Peninsular Malaya developed as the main trading center in Southeast Asia, because the growth of trade between China and India and other countries through the Malacca busy. Ptolemy showed the map with which to translate the label 'Golden Chersonese', with the Malacca as "Sinus Sabaricus".
Malay kingdom of the most recorded in the history of the early growth of the city-port edge of the beach made the 10 century. Including in Langkasuka and Lembah Bujang in Kedah, and also Beruas and Gangga Negara in Perak and Pan Pan in Kelantan. All of the kingdom is estimated to Hindu or Buddhist. Islam arrived on the 14-century in Terengganu.
Early 15th century, Malacca Sultanate was founded by the dynasty started by Parameswara from Palembang, Indonesia. With Melaka as the capital, control over this region is now Peninsular Malaya, southern Thailand (Pattani, and the east coast of Sumatra. This kingdom lasted for more than a century, and in this period Islam spread to all the Malay Islands. Melaka as a trading port important that is located almost in the middle of the trade route India and China.
Portugal make Malacca a colony in the year 1511 with the strength of the military, and the Sultanate of Malacca. However, the last Sultan fled to Kampar in Sumatra and died there. One of their children to go to the north of Peninsula Malaya Perak Sultanate and established, and the other children went to the south of the peninsula and create a capital that was there in the Sultanate of Johor.
Kingdom is a continuation of the old Sultanate of Malacca, but is now known as the Sultanate of Johor, which still exists until now. After the fall of Malacca, three-state fight to take control the Malacca: Portuguese (in Malacca), Johor Sultanate, and the Sultanate of Aceh, and the war ended in 1641, when the Dutch (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) seize Malacca. Britain took over Malacca in 1824, when (London treaties) signed with the Netherlands, of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
British crown colony, Strait Settlement (Negeri-Negeri Selat) was established in 1826, the United Kingdom and gradually memningkatkan area all his power to the peninsula. Settlement passage consists of three ports, namely Singapore, Pulau Pinang, and Malacca. Pulau Pinang which was established in 1786 by Captain Francis Light as a commercial post awarded by the Sultan Kedah. Malacca fell in the power of the United Kingdom after the Dutch-British Agreement in 1824 and two years later, the passage of the country was founded. Countries is governed by the British East India Company in Calcutta until 1867 when the administration transferred to the colonial office in London.
Also at about this time many Malay country, decided to help get the United Kingdom in internal conflicts. Less than ten years after the movement of the transfer is complete, some of the country's west coast in the Malay Peninsula to be under the influence of the United Kingdom.
The role of traders in the country-see the passage of British government intervention in the countries of tin in the Malay Peninsula. Plus the interference Group Confidential Chinese brothers and war, diplomacy gunboat Briton executed to bring a peaceful settlement to the merchant to provide the lands strait. Finally, the Pangkor Agreement in 1874 to give way for the extension of the United Kingdom, and the 20th century the lands Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, all known as the Malay Unity Affairs, under the government of the United Kingdom who are assigned to provide advice to Sultan.
Countries this is known as Negeri Melayu Bersatu (Federated Malay States) and, not directly under the power of London, but has a British adviser in the Sultan's palace. Four states of the north of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, and previously was under the power of Thailand. British North Borneo (now Sabah) is a British colony under the leadership of Sultanate of Sulu, and the Sarawak area is private land Brooke family.
Menyusulnya Japanese occupation during World War II, support for independent population growth, followed by the communist interference. Plan of the United Kingdom after the war to form a "Malayan Union" (United Malaya) dikacaukan by a strong Malay opposition who wanted a decent Malay system, and want only one citizenship, not dwikewarganegaraan, which can give the immigrant community can claim Malaya citizenship and country of origin them. Achieved independence on 31 August 1957 with the name Malaya Federation. Singapore is still under the authority of the United Kingdom at this time because the location of the stategis.
New federation under the name of Malaysia was formed on 16 September 1963 through the merger with Malaya Federation colonies other Briton, namely Singapore, North Borneo (later called Sabah) and Sarawak, the two are the last colony on the island of Borneo. Sultanate of Brunei, although it initially wanted to join Malaysia, but interesting because of his opposition from certain parts of the population and the debate about the oil royalty payment.
Start the independence of Malaysia dikacaukan by Indonesian efforts to control Malaysia in the confrontation by Soekarno in Trikora, discharge of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965 was obtained discriminatory treatment, and racial conflict in the country in the year 1969. Philippines also make a claim on Sabah which is based on the handover to the eastern sea to the Sultanate of Brunei Sultanate of Sulu in 1704. Claim Philippines still continues to this day.
After the ethnic riot on May 13, 1969, controversial New Economic Policy - the desire to improve the local economy be gazed by another ethnic group - issued by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak. Malaysia's there to keep the balance of political-ethnic soft, and to develop rules that combine a unique economic growth and political rules of the Bumiputera (a group of ethnic Malays and indigenous people) and Malaysian citizens who profess Islam.
Between the 1980s to early 1990s, Malaysia experienced rapid economic growth under the leadership Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad, the fourth prime minister Malaysia. In this period of economic transition into production based on agricultural and industrial machines in the field of electronics and home goods.
At the end of the 1990s, Malaysia diguncang Asian financial crisis. Opposition to some aspects of the system that have brought down the government. Opposition from the socialist party and reformis until the mengadvokasikan establishment of an Islamic state.
In 2003, Dr. Mahathir, prime minister of the oldest in Malaysia, resigned the position and submit to the deputinya, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Government mengadvokasikan new view of moderate Islamic country that is defined by Islam Hadhari.
Politics
Federation of Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy. Malaysia diketuai by a king which is known by the name of Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by and from 9 states of the sultan of the Malaysian-led to the sultan for five years in turns.
This system is based on the Westminster because Malaysia is a land of the former British colony. Government more power held by the executive branch of the judiciary. Regular elections are held every 5 years.
Executive power is determined by the cabinet led by Prime Minister. Based on the Constitution of Malaysia, the Prime Minister must be a member of the Council of the People, according to the opinion that the di-Pertuan Agong, a majority support in parliament. Meanwhile, the cabinet is a member of parliament elected from the Council of the People or the Council of State.
Parliament divided over the Council of the People and the Council of State. The Council of State has 70 people senator (the call was given to the members of the Council of State). Elections can be divided by two members:
1. 26 members elected by the Board as representatives of Invitation 13 states (each state represented by two members).
2. 44 members appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister, including two members of Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, and one member each from the Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan and Putrajaya.
The Council of the People has 222 members, and each member represents a constituency. They were selected on the basis of support by many parties over the election. Each member of the Board holds office for five years, and after that a new election will be held. Judicial power be distributed between the federation and state governments.
Of political power in Malaysia is very important to fight for an issue and the right. Therefore, the power play a very important role in making changes.
Geography
Malaysia consists of two main regions separated by the South China Sea. Both have the form of the earth, almost the same, namely from the seafront up to the sloping hills and dense forest is high. Highest peak in Malaysia (and also in Kalimantan) is Mount Kinabalu at 4,095.2 meters in Sabah. Malaysia's climate is equatorial, and visited each year by muson from the southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February).
Putrajaya is the central federal government with a new purpose built to avoid the traffic density in Kuala Lumpur. Parliament does not move, and Kuala Lumpur is still the capital of Malaysia. Other major cities including Ipoh, George Town, Johor Bahru, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu.
Economy
Malaysia is a simple state income, changed from a country of raw materials such as gum, tin ore, and so forth. In 1971, a state multisektor through the New Economic Policy. Basically, the growth of Malaysia depends on the export of electronics such as computer chips and so forth. As a result, Malaysia felt great pressure during the economic crisis in 1998 and decline in information technology sector in 2001. KDNK in 2001 only increased by as much as 0.3% caused 11% reduction in exports but the fiscal stimulus package has a large impact on reducing these.
Malaysia has a number of elements of a stable macroeconomic (in which inflation and unemployment remains below 3%), savings and foreign currency exchange healthy, and the foreign debt low. This allows Malaysia to not experience the same crisis as the financial crisis in Asia in 1997. However, long-term prospects look less good due to a lack of changes in the legal sector that deals mainly with corporate debt and the high competitive.
In addition to latex and palm oil which are in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak also rich in natural resources such as timber Balak, oil and natural gas.
Demographics
Malaysia consists of various races and religions, with the Malay race to be the biggest race in Malaysia with 54% of the citizens. In Malaysia's constitution, a Malay Malaysian citizens who practice traditional Malay, Bahasa Malaysia to use, and Mohammedan. Approximately 25% of Malaysia is Chinese, and 7% more of India. Almost 85% India race in Malaysia is a Tamil community.
More than half of the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of the indigenous non-Malay. Inclusion of other racial or less to reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states is. The situation in Sabah after the entry of UMNO garbled in the political business in the country. They divided up the collection of dozens of races but has the same general culture. The main tribe is the Kadazan-Dusun, Dayak, and Iban. Until the 20th century, most of them practice traditional beliefs, but now many are already embrace Christianity or Islam.
In addition, Malaysia also has a population that came from Europe and the Middle East. Population density terdistribusi Malaysia is not evenly distributed, with 17 million of 25 million people of Malaysia live in Peninsular Malaysia.
Culture
Culture refers to the Malaysian culture all that there is a plural society in Malaysia and the various tribes there, such as:
1. Malay culture
2. Chinese culture
3. Cultural India
4. Kadazan-Dusun culture
5. Kebudayaan Dayak, Iban, Kayan, Kenyah, Murut, Lun Bawang, Kelabit, and Bidayuh.
State and regional partnership
Malaysia consists of 13 states and 3 territories alliance (alliance of all three regions are combined into one flag in Malaysia) which is represented as the fourteen lines and corners of the stars in the Flag of Malaysia, called "Channel Gemilang":
Peninsular Malaysia
1. Johor Darul esteem
2. Kedah Darul Aman
3. Kelantan Darul Naim
4. Historical Melaka Bandaraya
5. Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus
6. Pahang Darul Makmur
7. Perak Darul Ridzuan
8. Perlis Indera Kayangan
9. Pulau Pinang Pulau Mutiara
10. Selangor Darul Ehsan
11. Terengganu Darul Iman
12. Wilayah Persekutuan
1. Kuala Lumpur
2. Putrajaya
East Malaysia
1. Sabah Negeri Di Bawah Bayu
2. Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang
3. Wilayah Persekutuan
1. Labuan
Tourism
Here are some popular tourism in Malaysia.
Mount
1. Bukit Bendera, Pulau Pinang
2. Cameron Highlands, Pahang
3. Genting Highlands, Pahang
4. Gunung Jerai, Kedah
5. Mount Kinabalu, Sabah
6. Gunung Ledang, Johor
7. Gunung Tahan, Pahang
River
1. Waterfall Lata Kinjang, Perak
2. Highest Waterfall City, Johor
3. Telaga Tujuh waterfalls, Kedah
4. Cascade Toi, Negeri Sembilan
Beach
1. Stone Ferringghi, Pinang
2. Pantai Cahaya Bulan, Kelantan
3. Cherating Beach, Pahang
4. Desaru Beach, Johor
5. Pantai Merdeka, Kedah
6. Beach Morib, Selangor
7. Pantai Tanjung Aru, Sabah
8. Pantai Teluk Batik, Perak
9. Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan
10. Rantau Abang, Terengganu
11. Danga Bay, Johor
Island
1. Pulau Kapas, Terengganu
2. Pulau Langkawi, Kedah
3. Pulau Pangkor, Perak
4. Payar Island, Kedah
5. The Island, Johor
6. Island stops, Terengganu
7. Pulau Redang, Terengganu
8. Pulau Sibu, Johor
9. Pulau Sipadan, Sabah
10. Pulau Tioman, Pahang
Another
1. A Famosa, Malacca
2. Batu Caves, Selangor
3. Lake Kenyir, Terengganu
4. Sultan Abdul Samad Building, Kuala Lumpur
5. Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur
6. Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur
7. Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur
8. Menara Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur
9. Sumur Hang Tuah, Melaka
10. Taman Negara Malaysia, Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu
11. Garden State Niah, Sarawak
12. Zoo Negara, Kuala Lumpur
Major figures in Malaysia
1. Dato 'Onn bin Jaafar
2. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Al-Tuan Guru Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah
3. Tun Abdul Razak Hussein
4. Tun Hussein Onn
5. Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad
6. Dato 'Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Organization
* EAEC previous EAEG
* EAF
* ASEAN
* OKI
* State of
* The United Nations
* South-South Cooperation
* GNB
Indonesia
Abbreviated Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia or Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, located on the equator and located between the continents of Asia and Australia and between the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Because the location of which is located between two continents and two oceans, it is also known as Nusantara (Island of). Comprising 17,508 islands, Indonesia is an archipelago in the world. With a population of 222 million people in 2006, [3] is a fourth largest country in the world and that a Muslim country in the world, although not officially an Islamic state. Form of government is republican, with the House of Representatives and the president elected directly. Jakarta is the capital of the country. Indonesian borders with Malaysia on the island of Kalimantan, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and East Timor in the Timor Island. Other neighboring countries are Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the area of unity and Nikobar Andaman Islands in India.
History of Indonesia affected by many other nations. The Indonesian archipelago became important trade region since at least since 7th century, when the Kingdom of Sriwijaya establish religion, and trade with China and India. Hindu kingdoms and the Buddha has been growing in the early centuries of Christian era, followed by the traders who brought Islam, and various European forces battle each other to monopolize trade spices Maluku during the era of ocean exploration. After 350 years of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia declares independence at the end of World War II. Then get a challenge from Indonesian natural disaster, corruption, separatism, the democratization process and the period of rapid economic change.
From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic, language and religion that is different. Java tribe is the largest ethnic group and the most politically dominant. Indonesia's national motto, "If Bhinneka single" ( "Different backgrounds but one"), the diversity that make up the country. In addition has a population of large and dense areas, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the level of biodiversity in the world's second largest.
Etymology
The word "India" is derived from the Latin word in the Indus, which means "Indian" and the word in Greek nesos which means "island." [4] Thus, the meaning of the word Indonesia India islands, or archipelago located in India, which showed name that was long before India became independent countries. [5] In 1850, George Earl, an English etnolog berkebangsaan, originally proposed the term Indunesia and Malayunesia for the "India Islands or Malay Islands." [6] Earl's students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym word from India Islands. [7] However, Dutch academics writing in the Dutch media said Indonesia does not use, but the term Malay Islands (Maleische Archipel); Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indie), or the Indies ( Indies); East (de Oost); and even Insulinde (term introduced this year by 1860 novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, the criticisms of the Dutch colonialism). [8]
Since year 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups to use it for political expression. [9] Adolf Bastian from the University of Berlin popularize this name through the book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. Indonesia's first student mengunakannya is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established the office in the Netherlands named Indonesisch Pers-bureau in the year 1913. [5]
History
Residual fossil-fossil Homo erectus, by the anthropologist also dijuluki "Java Man", cause dugaaan that the Indonesian archipelago was uninhabited at the start of two million to 500,000 years ago. [10] The Austronesia, which form the majority of the population at this time, migrate to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived around 2000 BC, and the Melanesian nations that are there in the first push to areas in the far eastern island. [11] where conditions are ideal for agriculture, and control of how to plant rice farming since at least the tenth century -8 BCE, [12] cause a lot of villages, cities, and small kingdoms growing to grow well in the first century BC. In addition, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade routes and inter-island, has been shipping line between India and China for several centuries. [13] Since then Indonesia has a lot of influence from these trade activities. [14]
Under the influence of Hindu and Buddhist religion, some form in the island kingdom of Sumatra and Java since centuries to 7-to-14 th century. Sriwijaya appear in 7-th century as the kingdom with a strong maritime power to control trade in the Malacca and its surrounding areas. [15] The 8th century and to-10,-dynasty dynasty dynasty Sanjaya successfully develop and kingdoms in Java-based agricultural , with historical heritage such as temples of Borobudur and Prambanan temple. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit was founded in the eastern part of Java. Mahapatih under Gajah Mada, his power extends to almost cover Indonesian territory now, and is often called the "golden Zaman" in the history of Indonesia. [16]
Traders coming-Arab and Persian traders through Gujarat, India, and brought Islam. In addition, sea-China party, led by warlord Cheng Ho (Zheng He), which are Islam, also stop in this region at the beginning of the century to the 15th [17]
When the Europeans came in the early 16 th century, they found several small kingdoms that they can easily dominate kuasai for the spice trade. Portuguese first landed in two ports, namely the Kingdom of Banten and Sunda Sunda Kelapa, but can be expelled and moved to the east and the Moluccas. In the 17th century, the Netherlands emerged as the most powerful country in the other European countries, the United Kingdom and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor). In the Christian religion that is the entrance to Indonesia as one of the old mission of imperialism known as 3G, that is Gold, Glory, and Gospel. [18] Netherlands over Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the early 19th century.
Under the system cultuurstelsel, in Dutch System (Planting) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation was conducted in Java, eventually generate profits for the Netherlands can not be produced by the VOC. During the colonial government a free after 1870, this system is removed. After 1901 the Netherlands introduced the ethical policy, [19] which included limited political reform and greater investment in the Netherlands-Indies.
During World War II, during the Dutch occupation by Germany, Japan, the Indonesian. After Indonesia in the year 1942, the Japanese view that Indonesia is a co-combatant trade cooperative and are willing to recruit soldiers if needed. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara award given by Japan's Emperor in the year 1943.
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for the independence of Indonesia, after the Pacific war ended in 1945, under the pressure of youth organizations, group leaders proclaim the independence of Indonesia Soekarno on 17 August 1945. In an effort to take back Australia, the Netherlands to send their troops.
Efforts to muffle bloody independence movement later known as the 'police action' (Politionele Actie). [20] Netherlands finally receive the right to independent India on 27 December 1949 after obtaining a strong pressure from the international community, notably the United States. Soekarno became the first president of Indonesia and Mohammad Hatta as vice president.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Soekarno government start following the non-aligned movement in the first and then with the socialist bloc, for example, People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. 1960 to witness the occurrence of military confrontation against neighboring countries, Malaysia ( "confrontation"), [21] and the dissatisfaction of the economic difficulties of the larger. Then in 1965 burst G30S incident which caused the death of 6 persons and a number of general officer other medium. Show the strength of the new call themselves the New Order that immediately accuse the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brain behind the event and this means defeat the legitimate government and replace the national ideology based on the socialist-communist credo. This accusation was made at once a reason to replace the old government under President Soekarno.
General Soeharto became president in 1967 with a reason to secure the country from the threat of communism. The physical condition of the Soekarno own now weakening. After Soeharto's rule, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected communist parties involved were killed, while many more people of Indonesia who are abroad, does not dare return to the ground water, and finally revoked nationality. 32 year period is called the power of Soeharto's New Order, while the Soekarno government called the Old Order.
Soeharto implement neoliberal economic success and bring foreign investment to enter the large and produce large economic growth, although not evenly, in Indonesia. At the beginning of the New Order regime policies ekomomi Indonesia organized by a group of economists-economists graduate economics department University of California, Berkeley, called "Berkeley Mafia." [22], however, add kekayaannya Soeharto and his family through the practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism is widespread, and he finally was forced down after the occupation of action demonstrations and large-scale state economic conditions worsened in 1998.
From 1998 until 2001, Indonesia has three presidents: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In the 2004 election one day in the world [23] and was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesian now are experiencing problems-economic, political and religious dissension nuances in the country, and some areas are trying to get independence, namely Aceh and Papua. East Timor finally officially secede in 2002 after 24 years together with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration of East Timor into the country.
In December 2004 and March 2005, the Aceh and Nias are two major earthquakes that killed hundreds of thousands of the total inhabitants. (See the Indian Ocean earthquake and 2004 Sumatra earthquake in March 2005.) Genesis is followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami strike the coast of Pangandaran and surrounding areas, flooding and mud in Sidoarjo in 2006 that is not kunjung terpecahkan.
Politics and government
Indonesian government republican presidential run multipartai democratic. As well as in countries other democracy, the political system in Indonesia is based on the Trias Politika powers legislative, executive and judiciary. Legislative powers held by an institution called the People Permusyawatan Assembly (MPR), which consists of two entities, namely the House of Representatives members consist of representatives of Party Politics and the DPD members representing the provinces of Indonesia. Each region was represented by 4 people elected directly by the people in their respective regions.
Permusyawaratan People's Assembly (MPR) is the highest state institution. However, after the amendment to the 4-MPR is not the highest institution again. MPR membership Amandeman change after the 1945 Constitution in the period 1999-2004. All members of MPR is a member of the House of Representatives, plus the members of DPD (Regional Representative). [24] House of Representatives Member and DPD selected through the election and appointed in the tenure of five years. Since 2004, the MPR is a bikameral parliament, after the creation of DPD as a second room. Previously, the MPR members are all members of the House of Representatives plus the messenger. MPR currently diketuai by Hidayat Nur Wahid. MPR members when the consist of 550 members of the House of Representatives and 128 members of DPD. DPR currently diketuai by Agung Laksono, while the DPD at this time diketuai by Ginandjar Kartasasmita.
Executive agencies is based on the president, vice presidents, and cabinet. Cabinet in the Cabinet is Presidensiil so that the ministers responsible to the president and does not represent a political party in the parliament. However, at this time that President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is carried by Democratic Party leaders also appointed a number of Party Politics to sit in kabinetnya. The goal is to maintain the stability of government considering the strong position of legislative institutions in Indonesia. However, post-post important and strategic generally filled by the Minister without portfolio party (coming from someone who is considered experts in the field).
Judicial institutions since the reform and the amendment of the 1945 Constitution is run by the Supreme Court, Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional Court, including the administrative judges. However, the existence of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights still maintained. Head of the MA at this time Prof. Dr. Bagir Manan much criticism from various parties in relation to the weakness MA in law and uphold justice in Indonesia. However, in the Elections Chairperson MA 2006, Bagir still get a majority vote of the judges magnificent.
The division of administrative
Indonesian currently consisting in 33 provinces, five of them a special area. Each agency has a provincial governor and legislatur. Province divided into districts and cities, which divided into sub-districts and villages and into the village.
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Papua, West Papua and has privileges legislatur and a greater level of autonomy which is higher than the central government than other provinces. For example, the government of Aceh has the right to form their own legal system; in 2003, the first set Aceh Sharia law. [25] to get the status of Yogyakarta Special Region as a recognition of the important role of Yogyakarta in Indonesia for supporting the Indonesian Revolution. [26] Papua Province , formerly called Irian Jaya, get the special autonomy status in 2001. [27] Jakarta is the capital of country-specific areas. Portuguese Timor in the region combined to become a province of Indonesia and East Timor in 1979-1999, which then separate themselves through a referendum the State of Timor Leste. [28]
Sumatra
* Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam - Banda Aceh
* Sumatra Utara - Medan
* West Sumatra - Padang
* Riau - Pekanbaru
* Riau - Tanjung Pinang
* Jambi - Jambi
* South Sumatra - Palembang
* Bangka Belitung Islands - Pangkal Pinang
* Bengkulu - Bengkulu
* Lampung - Bandar Lampung
Java
* Special Capital Region Jakarta - Jakarta
* Banten - Serang
* West Java - Bandung
* Central Java - Semarang
* Special Region of Yogyakarta - Yogyakarta
* East Java - Surabaya
Small Sunda Islands
* Bali - Denpasar
* West Nusa Tenggara - Mataram
* East Nusa Tenggara - Kupang
Kalimantan
* Kalimantan Barat - Pontianak
* Kalimantan Tengah - Palangkaraya
* South Kalimantan - Banjarmasin
* East Kalimantan - Samarinda
Sulawesi
* North Sulawesi - Manado
* Gorontalo - Gorontalo
* South East - Palu
* South West - Mamuju
* South Sulawesi - Makassar
* South East Sulawesi - Kendari
Maluku
* Maluku - Ambon
* Maluku Utara - Ternate
Papua
* West Papua - Manokwari
* Papua - Jayapura
Geography
Indonesian island has 17,504 large and small, around 6000 of them are uninhabited [29], which is spread around the equator, which provides tropical weather. Indonesia lies in the position coordinates 6 ° N - 11 ° 08'LS and from 95 ° 'BB - 141 ° 45'BT and located between two continents, namely Asia continent and Australia / Oceania.
Spread throughout the territory of Indonesia in the 3977 miles between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Area land is 1,922,570 km ² and the broad waters 3,257,483 km ². Island population is most populous island of Java, where half the population living Indonesia. Indonesian consists of 5 major islands, namely: Jawa with a 132,107 km ², Sumatra with a 473,606 km ², Kalimantan with an area 539,460 km ², with a South 189,216 km ², and Papua with an area of 421,981 km ². Delivery of Indonesia over the direction of the wind, namely:
* North: Country Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and South China Sea
* South: Country Australia, Timor Leste, and the Indian Ocean
* West: Indian Ocean
* East: State of Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste, and Pacific Ocean
Location also is located in tektonik plates, which means that Indonesia is exposed to the earthquake-prone and can cause a tsunami. [30] Indonesia also has many volcanoes [31], one of the mountain is very famous Krakatau, located in the Sunda strait between the islands of Sumatra and Java.
Economy
Economic system was initially supported with the release of Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI), which became the first currency of the Republic of Indonesia, which in turns into Rupiah.
During the Old Order government, Indonesia does not adapt seutuhnya capitalist economic system, but also memadukannya with economic nationalism. Government that has not experienced, is still intervene to participate in some production activities that affect the community for many. This, plus the political crisis, caused the occurrence of instability in the economic state. [32]
New Order Pemerintahaan immediately apply the discipline that is aimed at pressing economic inflation, stabilize the currency, penjadualan back foreign debt, and try to attract aid and foreign investment. [32] In the era of 1970s oil price increases that cause melonjaknya export value, and trigger level of economic growth on average a high of 7% between the years 1968 to 1981. [32] further economic reforms before the end of the 1980s, such as the financial sector deregulation and the weakening rupiah value reserve, [32] next stream foreign investment to Indonesia, especially in the industrial export-oriented industry in the years between 1989 until 1997 [33] Indonesia Economic slowdown experienced in the late 1990s due to the economic crisis that most of the Asian surge at the time, [34] that accompanied the end of the period New Order of President Soeharto's resignation on 21 May 1998.
Currently, the Indonesian economy has been quite stable. GDP growth in Indonesia in 2004 and 2005 exceeded 5% and will continue to be estimated. [35] However, the impact of growth is not big enough influence in the level of unemployment, amounting to 9.75%. [36] [37] Estimates of 2006, 17.8% of people living below the poverty line, 49.0% and there are people who live on less than U.S. $ 2 per day. [38]
Indonesian natural resources have a great outside Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesian natural gas exporter in the world's second largest, though of late he has become a net crude oil importer. The main agricultural products include rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber. [39] in the services sector is the largest GDP contributor, reaching 45.3% GDP for 2005. While the industrial sector accounted for 40.7%, and the agricultural sector accounted for 14.0%. [40] However, the agricultural sector employs more people than other sectors, namely 44.3% of 95 million workers. The services sector employs 36.9%, and the rest of the industrial sector 18.8%. [41]
Largest trading partners is Japan, the United States, and countries jirannya namely Malaysia, Singapore and Australia.
Although rich in natural resources and human, Indonesia still faces a major problem in the field of poverty reduction is largely caused by the reign of corruption in the government. Institution Transparency International ranked Indonesia as a place to-143 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index, which released in 2007. [42]
Indonesia central bank, namely Bank Indonesia.
Demographics
According to the census of 2000, Indonesia has a population of around 206 million, [49] and estimated in 2006 a 222 million. [3] 130 million (more than 50%) live in Java island which is the most inhabited islands as well as the capital city of Jakarta which is located . [50] Most (95%) the population is Malay nation, [51] and there are also groups of the tribe of Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia, and especially in Eastern Indonesia. Many of Indonesia declares himself as a part of the ethnic group is more specific, which is divided by language and region of origin, such as Javanese, Sundanese, or Batak.
In addition there is also the number of migrants who are ethnic minorities, Chinese, Indian, and Arabic. They have long come to the archipelago with trade routes since 8 th century BC and settled into a part of Nusantara. In Indonesia there are about 4 million population is ethnic Chinese. [51] This figure is different only because in 1930 an the last time the government do with the census-grade bracket of the Indonesian people to the tribe and his descendants.
Islam is a religion be embraced by the majority of the approximately 85.2% of the population of Indonesia, making Indonesia the country with the highest Muslim population in the world. [39] The rest are Protestant (8.9%), Catholic (3%), Hindu (1.8 %), Buddhist (0.8%), and others (0.3%). Besides religion, the government also officially recognizes Konghucu. [52]
Most of Indonesia bertutur in the local language as mother tongue, but the official language of Indonesia, Indonesian language, is taught in all schools in this country and mastered by almost all the population in Indonesia.
Culture
Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each ethnic culture that has developed over the centuries, influenced by Indian culture, Arab, China, and Europe, including the Malay culture itself. For example Java and Bali dance has traditional and cultural aspects of Hindu mythology, such as leather puppet show of stories about the incident mitologis Hindu Ramayana and Baratayuda. Many also contain the art of dance values of Islam. Some of them can be found in areas such as Sumatra Ratéb Meuseukat dance and dance Seudati of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Arts pantun, gurindam, and so forth from various areas such as pantun Malay, and pantun-pantun acapkali used in other events in the particular, namely, stage art, and others.
In the field of clothing the famous cultural heritage around the world is batik handicrafts. Some of the areas famous for the industry include batik of Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Pekalongan. Batik crafts this is claimed by Malaysia with industry batiknya. [53] Clothing native Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke other recognizable features of the subject-characteristics in each region, among other clothes with songketnya brackets from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), ulos cloth from Sumatra North (Batak), good clothes, typical clothing Dayaks in Kalimantan, Bodo clothing from South Sulawesi, Papua's berkoteka clothing and so forth.
The most dominant influence in the architecture is the architecture India, but there is also the influence of Chinese architecture, Arab, and Europe.
The most popular sports in Indonesia are badminton and football; Indonesia Super League is the league major soccer clubs in Indonesia. Sports including traditional takraw kick karapan and cattle in Madura. In the region with a history of inter-ethnic war, the contest was held contention, such as names in Flores and Sumba in pasola. Pencak Silat is the art of self-care that comes from the unique region of Indonesia. Seni bela diri is sometimes displayed on the events showtimes that are usually followed by a form of traditional Indonesian music gamelan music and traditional art in accordance with the original. Sports in Indonesia are usually male-oriented sports and spektator often associated with gambling is illegal in Indonesia. [54] Arts in music, both traditional and modern is very much outward from Sabang to Merauke.
Every province in Indonesia have a traditional music with something special apart. Traditional music, including Keroncong originating from Portuguese descent in the area of Tugu, Jakarta, [55] which is known by all people of Indonesia and even to other countries. There are also music merakyat in Indonesia that is known by the name of Dangdut music influenced by Arab, Indian, and Malay.
Traditional musical instrument which is a typical musical instrument has many of the fad in the various regions of Indonesia, but also a lot of traditional music instruments from Indonesia 'stolen' by other countries [56] for the addition of culture and art music with its own patent copyright of art and culture indonesian. Indonesian traditional musical instrument, among others, include:
* Angklung
* Bende
* Calung
* Dermenan
* Gamelan
* Gandang Tabuik
* Drum Bali
* Karo kettledrum
* Drum Melayu
* Gong Kemada
* Gong Lambus
* Jidor
* Harp flute
* Kendang Java
* Kenong
* Kulintang
* Fiddle
* Pin
* Saluang
* Saron
* Sasando
Fife *
* Seurune Kale
* Flute Lembang
* Flute Sunda
* Talempong
* Tanggetong
* Tifa, and so forth
Indonesian cuisine varies depending on the region. [57] Rice is the staple food and dihidangkan with a side dish of meat and vegetables. Spices (especially chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken that is important. [58] The popularity soar Indonesian film industry in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, [59] although kepopulerannya decreased in the early 1990s. [60 ] Between 2000 to 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year is increasing. [59]
Proof of any posts in Indonesia is different speaking Sanskrit inscription on the 5-th century BC. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli criticizing the treatment of Dutch Indonesia during Dutch colonial era; Muhammad Yamin and Hamka passed which is the author and pre-independence politician; [61] and Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia novel of the most famous. [62] Many Indonesians have a strong oral tradition, which help define and maintain their cultural identity. [63] Freedom of the press in Indonesia, increased after the end of President Soeharto. Television stations, including ten national private television stations, and networks that compete with local television stations TVRI country. Private radio stations broadcast their news programs and foreign broadcasting. Reportedly, there are 20 million internet users in Indonesia in 2007. [64] The use of the internet limited to the minority population, estimated at 8.5%.
Abbreviated Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia or Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, located on the equator and located between the continents of Asia and Australia and between the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Because the location of which is located between two continents and two oceans, it is also known as Nusantara (Island of). Comprising 17,508 islands, Indonesia is an archipelago in the world. With a population of 222 million people in 2006, [3] is a fourth largest country in the world and that a Muslim country in the world, although not officially an Islamic state. Form of government is republican, with the House of Representatives and the president elected directly. Jakarta is the capital of the country. Indonesian borders with Malaysia on the island of Kalimantan, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and East Timor in the Timor Island. Other neighboring countries are Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the area of unity and Nikobar Andaman Islands in India.
History of Indonesia affected by many other nations. The Indonesian archipelago became important trade region since at least since 7th century, when the Kingdom of Sriwijaya establish religion, and trade with China and India. Hindu kingdoms and the Buddha has been growing in the early centuries of Christian era, followed by the traders who brought Islam, and various European forces battle each other to monopolize trade spices Maluku during the era of ocean exploration. After 350 years of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia declares independence at the end of World War II. Then get a challenge from Indonesian natural disaster, corruption, separatism, the democratization process and the period of rapid economic change.
From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic, language and religion that is different. Java tribe is the largest ethnic group and the most politically dominant. Indonesia's national motto, "If Bhinneka single" ( "Different backgrounds but one"), the diversity that make up the country. In addition has a population of large and dense areas, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the level of biodiversity in the world's second largest.
Etymology
The word "India" is derived from the Latin word in the Indus, which means "Indian" and the word in Greek nesos which means "island." [4] Thus, the meaning of the word Indonesia India islands, or archipelago located in India, which showed name that was long before India became independent countries. [5] In 1850, George Earl, an English etnolog berkebangsaan, originally proposed the term Indunesia and Malayunesia for the "India Islands or Malay Islands." [6] Earl's students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym word from India Islands. [7] However, Dutch academics writing in the Dutch media said Indonesia does not use, but the term Malay Islands (Maleische Archipel); Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indie), or the Indies ( Indies); East (de Oost); and even Insulinde (term introduced this year by 1860 novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, the criticisms of the Dutch colonialism). [8]
Since year 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups to use it for political expression. [9] Adolf Bastian from the University of Berlin popularize this name through the book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. Indonesia's first student mengunakannya is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established the office in the Netherlands named Indonesisch Pers-bureau in the year 1913. [5]
History
Residual fossil-fossil Homo erectus, by the anthropologist also dijuluki "Java Man", cause dugaaan that the Indonesian archipelago was uninhabited at the start of two million to 500,000 years ago. [10] The Austronesia, which form the majority of the population at this time, migrate to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived around 2000 BC, and the Melanesian nations that are there in the first push to areas in the far eastern island. [11] where conditions are ideal for agriculture, and control of how to plant rice farming since at least the tenth century -8 BCE, [12] cause a lot of villages, cities, and small kingdoms growing to grow well in the first century BC. In addition, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade routes and inter-island, has been shipping line between India and China for several centuries. [13] Since then Indonesia has a lot of influence from these trade activities. [14]
Under the influence of Hindu and Buddhist religion, some form in the island kingdom of Sumatra and Java since centuries to 7-to-14 th century. Sriwijaya appear in 7-th century as the kingdom with a strong maritime power to control trade in the Malacca and its surrounding areas. [15] The 8th century and to-10,-dynasty dynasty dynasty Sanjaya successfully develop and kingdoms in Java-based agricultural , with historical heritage such as temples of Borobudur and Prambanan temple. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit was founded in the eastern part of Java. Mahapatih under Gajah Mada, his power extends to almost cover Indonesian territory now, and is often called the "golden Zaman" in the history of Indonesia. [16]
Traders coming-Arab and Persian traders through Gujarat, India, and brought Islam. In addition, sea-China party, led by warlord Cheng Ho (Zheng He), which are Islam, also stop in this region at the beginning of the century to the 15th [17]
When the Europeans came in the early 16 th century, they found several small kingdoms that they can easily dominate kuasai for the spice trade. Portuguese first landed in two ports, namely the Kingdom of Banten and Sunda Sunda Kelapa, but can be expelled and moved to the east and the Moluccas. In the 17th century, the Netherlands emerged as the most powerful country in the other European countries, the United Kingdom and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor). In the Christian religion that is the entrance to Indonesia as one of the old mission of imperialism known as 3G, that is Gold, Glory, and Gospel. [18] Netherlands over Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the early 19th century.
Under the system cultuurstelsel, in Dutch System (Planting) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation was conducted in Java, eventually generate profits for the Netherlands can not be produced by the VOC. During the colonial government a free after 1870, this system is removed. After 1901 the Netherlands introduced the ethical policy, [19] which included limited political reform and greater investment in the Netherlands-Indies.
During World War II, during the Dutch occupation by Germany, Japan, the Indonesian. After Indonesia in the year 1942, the Japanese view that Indonesia is a co-combatant trade cooperative and are willing to recruit soldiers if needed. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara award given by Japan's Emperor in the year 1943.
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for the independence of Indonesia, after the Pacific war ended in 1945, under the pressure of youth organizations, group leaders proclaim the independence of Indonesia Soekarno on 17 August 1945. In an effort to take back Australia, the Netherlands to send their troops.
Efforts to muffle bloody independence movement later known as the 'police action' (Politionele Actie). [20] Netherlands finally receive the right to independent India on 27 December 1949 after obtaining a strong pressure from the international community, notably the United States. Soekarno became the first president of Indonesia and Mohammad Hatta as vice president.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Soekarno government start following the non-aligned movement in the first and then with the socialist bloc, for example, People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. 1960 to witness the occurrence of military confrontation against neighboring countries, Malaysia ( "confrontation"), [21] and the dissatisfaction of the economic difficulties of the larger. Then in 1965 burst G30S incident which caused the death of 6 persons and a number of general officer other medium. Show the strength of the new call themselves the New Order that immediately accuse the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brain behind the event and this means defeat the legitimate government and replace the national ideology based on the socialist-communist credo. This accusation was made at once a reason to replace the old government under President Soekarno.
General Soeharto became president in 1967 with a reason to secure the country from the threat of communism. The physical condition of the Soekarno own now weakening. After Soeharto's rule, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected communist parties involved were killed, while many more people of Indonesia who are abroad, does not dare return to the ground water, and finally revoked nationality. 32 year period is called the power of Soeharto's New Order, while the Soekarno government called the Old Order.
Soeharto implement neoliberal economic success and bring foreign investment to enter the large and produce large economic growth, although not evenly, in Indonesia. At the beginning of the New Order regime policies ekomomi Indonesia organized by a group of economists-economists graduate economics department University of California, Berkeley, called "Berkeley Mafia." [22], however, add kekayaannya Soeharto and his family through the practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism is widespread, and he finally was forced down after the occupation of action demonstrations and large-scale state economic conditions worsened in 1998.
From 1998 until 2001, Indonesia has three presidents: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In the 2004 election one day in the world [23] and was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesian now are experiencing problems-economic, political and religious dissension nuances in the country, and some areas are trying to get independence, namely Aceh and Papua. East Timor finally officially secede in 2002 after 24 years together with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration of East Timor into the country.
In December 2004 and March 2005, the Aceh and Nias are two major earthquakes that killed hundreds of thousands of the total inhabitants. (See the Indian Ocean earthquake and 2004 Sumatra earthquake in March 2005.) Genesis is followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami strike the coast of Pangandaran and surrounding areas, flooding and mud in Sidoarjo in 2006 that is not kunjung terpecahkan.
Politics and government
Indonesian government republican presidential run multipartai democratic. As well as in countries other democracy, the political system in Indonesia is based on the Trias Politika powers legislative, executive and judiciary. Legislative powers held by an institution called the People Permusyawatan Assembly (MPR), which consists of two entities, namely the House of Representatives members consist of representatives of Party Politics and the DPD members representing the provinces of Indonesia. Each region was represented by 4 people elected directly by the people in their respective regions.
Permusyawaratan People's Assembly (MPR) is the highest state institution. However, after the amendment to the 4-MPR is not the highest institution again. MPR membership Amandeman change after the 1945 Constitution in the period 1999-2004. All members of MPR is a member of the House of Representatives, plus the members of DPD (Regional Representative). [24] House of Representatives Member and DPD selected through the election and appointed in the tenure of five years. Since 2004, the MPR is a bikameral parliament, after the creation of DPD as a second room. Previously, the MPR members are all members of the House of Representatives plus the messenger. MPR currently diketuai by Hidayat Nur Wahid. MPR members when the consist of 550 members of the House of Representatives and 128 members of DPD. DPR currently diketuai by Agung Laksono, while the DPD at this time diketuai by Ginandjar Kartasasmita.
Executive agencies is based on the president, vice presidents, and cabinet. Cabinet in the Cabinet is Presidensiil so that the ministers responsible to the president and does not represent a political party in the parliament. However, at this time that President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is carried by Democratic Party leaders also appointed a number of Party Politics to sit in kabinetnya. The goal is to maintain the stability of government considering the strong position of legislative institutions in Indonesia. However, post-post important and strategic generally filled by the Minister without portfolio party (coming from someone who is considered experts in the field).
Judicial institutions since the reform and the amendment of the 1945 Constitution is run by the Supreme Court, Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional Court, including the administrative judges. However, the existence of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights still maintained. Head of the MA at this time Prof. Dr. Bagir Manan much criticism from various parties in relation to the weakness MA in law and uphold justice in Indonesia. However, in the Elections Chairperson MA 2006, Bagir still get a majority vote of the judges magnificent.
The division of administrative
Indonesian currently consisting in 33 provinces, five of them a special area. Each agency has a provincial governor and legislatur. Province divided into districts and cities, which divided into sub-districts and villages and into the village.
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Papua, West Papua and has privileges legislatur and a greater level of autonomy which is higher than the central government than other provinces. For example, the government of Aceh has the right to form their own legal system; in 2003, the first set Aceh Sharia law. [25] to get the status of Yogyakarta Special Region as a recognition of the important role of Yogyakarta in Indonesia for supporting the Indonesian Revolution. [26] Papua Province , formerly called Irian Jaya, get the special autonomy status in 2001. [27] Jakarta is the capital of country-specific areas. Portuguese Timor in the region combined to become a province of Indonesia and East Timor in 1979-1999, which then separate themselves through a referendum the State of Timor Leste. [28]
Sumatra
* Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam - Banda Aceh
* Sumatra Utara - Medan
* West Sumatra - Padang
* Riau - Pekanbaru
* Riau - Tanjung Pinang
* Jambi - Jambi
* South Sumatra - Palembang
* Bangka Belitung Islands - Pangkal Pinang
* Bengkulu - Bengkulu
* Lampung - Bandar Lampung
Java
* Special Capital Region Jakarta - Jakarta
* Banten - Serang
* West Java - Bandung
* Central Java - Semarang
* Special Region of Yogyakarta - Yogyakarta
* East Java - Surabaya
Small Sunda Islands
* Bali - Denpasar
* West Nusa Tenggara - Mataram
* East Nusa Tenggara - Kupang
Kalimantan
* Kalimantan Barat - Pontianak
* Kalimantan Tengah - Palangkaraya
* South Kalimantan - Banjarmasin
* East Kalimantan - Samarinda
Sulawesi
* North Sulawesi - Manado
* Gorontalo - Gorontalo
* South East - Palu
* South West - Mamuju
* South Sulawesi - Makassar
* South East Sulawesi - Kendari
Maluku
* Maluku - Ambon
* Maluku Utara - Ternate
Papua
* West Papua - Manokwari
* Papua - Jayapura
Geography
Indonesian island has 17,504 large and small, around 6000 of them are uninhabited [29], which is spread around the equator, which provides tropical weather. Indonesia lies in the position coordinates 6 ° N - 11 ° 08'LS and from 95 ° 'BB - 141 ° 45'BT and located between two continents, namely Asia continent and Australia / Oceania.
Spread throughout the territory of Indonesia in the 3977 miles between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Area land is 1,922,570 km ² and the broad waters 3,257,483 km ². Island population is most populous island of Java, where half the population living Indonesia. Indonesian consists of 5 major islands, namely: Jawa with a 132,107 km ², Sumatra with a 473,606 km ², Kalimantan with an area 539,460 km ², with a South 189,216 km ², and Papua with an area of 421,981 km ². Delivery of Indonesia over the direction of the wind, namely:
* North: Country Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and South China Sea
* South: Country Australia, Timor Leste, and the Indian Ocean
* West: Indian Ocean
* East: State of Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste, and Pacific Ocean
Location also is located in tektonik plates, which means that Indonesia is exposed to the earthquake-prone and can cause a tsunami. [30] Indonesia also has many volcanoes [31], one of the mountain is very famous Krakatau, located in the Sunda strait between the islands of Sumatra and Java.
Economy
Economic system was initially supported with the release of Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI), which became the first currency of the Republic of Indonesia, which in turns into Rupiah.
During the Old Order government, Indonesia does not adapt seutuhnya capitalist economic system, but also memadukannya with economic nationalism. Government that has not experienced, is still intervene to participate in some production activities that affect the community for many. This, plus the political crisis, caused the occurrence of instability in the economic state. [32]
New Order Pemerintahaan immediately apply the discipline that is aimed at pressing economic inflation, stabilize the currency, penjadualan back foreign debt, and try to attract aid and foreign investment. [32] In the era of 1970s oil price increases that cause melonjaknya export value, and trigger level of economic growth on average a high of 7% between the years 1968 to 1981. [32] further economic reforms before the end of the 1980s, such as the financial sector deregulation and the weakening rupiah value reserve, [32] next stream foreign investment to Indonesia, especially in the industrial export-oriented industry in the years between 1989 until 1997 [33] Indonesia Economic slowdown experienced in the late 1990s due to the economic crisis that most of the Asian surge at the time, [34] that accompanied the end of the period New Order of President Soeharto's resignation on 21 May 1998.
Currently, the Indonesian economy has been quite stable. GDP growth in Indonesia in 2004 and 2005 exceeded 5% and will continue to be estimated. [35] However, the impact of growth is not big enough influence in the level of unemployment, amounting to 9.75%. [36] [37] Estimates of 2006, 17.8% of people living below the poverty line, 49.0% and there are people who live on less than U.S. $ 2 per day. [38]
Indonesian natural resources have a great outside Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesian natural gas exporter in the world's second largest, though of late he has become a net crude oil importer. The main agricultural products include rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber. [39] in the services sector is the largest GDP contributor, reaching 45.3% GDP for 2005. While the industrial sector accounted for 40.7%, and the agricultural sector accounted for 14.0%. [40] However, the agricultural sector employs more people than other sectors, namely 44.3% of 95 million workers. The services sector employs 36.9%, and the rest of the industrial sector 18.8%. [41]
Largest trading partners is Japan, the United States, and countries jirannya namely Malaysia, Singapore and Australia.
Although rich in natural resources and human, Indonesia still faces a major problem in the field of poverty reduction is largely caused by the reign of corruption in the government. Institution Transparency International ranked Indonesia as a place to-143 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index, which released in 2007. [42]
Indonesia central bank, namely Bank Indonesia.
Demographics
According to the census of 2000, Indonesia has a population of around 206 million, [49] and estimated in 2006 a 222 million. [3] 130 million (more than 50%) live in Java island which is the most inhabited islands as well as the capital city of Jakarta which is located . [50] Most (95%) the population is Malay nation, [51] and there are also groups of the tribe of Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia, and especially in Eastern Indonesia. Many of Indonesia declares himself as a part of the ethnic group is more specific, which is divided by language and region of origin, such as Javanese, Sundanese, or Batak.
In addition there is also the number of migrants who are ethnic minorities, Chinese, Indian, and Arabic. They have long come to the archipelago with trade routes since 8 th century BC and settled into a part of Nusantara. In Indonesia there are about 4 million population is ethnic Chinese. [51] This figure is different only because in 1930 an the last time the government do with the census-grade bracket of the Indonesian people to the tribe and his descendants.
Islam is a religion be embraced by the majority of the approximately 85.2% of the population of Indonesia, making Indonesia the country with the highest Muslim population in the world. [39] The rest are Protestant (8.9%), Catholic (3%), Hindu (1.8 %), Buddhist (0.8%), and others (0.3%). Besides religion, the government also officially recognizes Konghucu. [52]
Most of Indonesia bertutur in the local language as mother tongue, but the official language of Indonesia, Indonesian language, is taught in all schools in this country and mastered by almost all the population in Indonesia.
Culture
Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each ethnic culture that has developed over the centuries, influenced by Indian culture, Arab, China, and Europe, including the Malay culture itself. For example Java and Bali dance has traditional and cultural aspects of Hindu mythology, such as leather puppet show of stories about the incident mitologis Hindu Ramayana and Baratayuda. Many also contain the art of dance values of Islam. Some of them can be found in areas such as Sumatra Ratéb Meuseukat dance and dance Seudati of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Arts pantun, gurindam, and so forth from various areas such as pantun Malay, and pantun-pantun acapkali used in other events in the particular, namely, stage art, and others.
In the field of clothing the famous cultural heritage around the world is batik handicrafts. Some of the areas famous for the industry include batik of Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and Pekalongan. Batik crafts this is claimed by Malaysia with industry batiknya. [53] Clothing native Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke other recognizable features of the subject-characteristics in each region, among other clothes with songketnya brackets from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), ulos cloth from Sumatra North (Batak), good clothes, typical clothing Dayaks in Kalimantan, Bodo clothing from South Sulawesi, Papua's berkoteka clothing and so forth.
The most dominant influence in the architecture is the architecture India, but there is also the influence of Chinese architecture, Arab, and Europe.
The most popular sports in Indonesia are badminton and football; Indonesia Super League is the league major soccer clubs in Indonesia. Sports including traditional takraw kick karapan and cattle in Madura. In the region with a history of inter-ethnic war, the contest was held contention, such as names in Flores and Sumba in pasola. Pencak Silat is the art of self-care that comes from the unique region of Indonesia. Seni bela diri is sometimes displayed on the events showtimes that are usually followed by a form of traditional Indonesian music gamelan music and traditional art in accordance with the original. Sports in Indonesia are usually male-oriented sports and spektator often associated with gambling is illegal in Indonesia. [54] Arts in music, both traditional and modern is very much outward from Sabang to Merauke.
Every province in Indonesia have a traditional music with something special apart. Traditional music, including Keroncong originating from Portuguese descent in the area of Tugu, Jakarta, [55] which is known by all people of Indonesia and even to other countries. There are also music merakyat in Indonesia that is known by the name of Dangdut music influenced by Arab, Indian, and Malay.
Traditional musical instrument which is a typical musical instrument has many of the fad in the various regions of Indonesia, but also a lot of traditional music instruments from Indonesia 'stolen' by other countries [56] for the addition of culture and art music with its own patent copyright of art and culture indonesian. Indonesian traditional musical instrument, among others, include:
* Angklung
* Bende
* Calung
* Dermenan
* Gamelan
* Gandang Tabuik
* Drum Bali
* Karo kettledrum
* Drum Melayu
* Gong Kemada
* Gong Lambus
* Jidor
* Harp flute
* Kendang Java
* Kenong
* Kulintang
* Fiddle
* Pin
* Saluang
* Saron
* Sasando
Fife *
* Seurune Kale
* Flute Lembang
* Flute Sunda
* Talempong
* Tanggetong
* Tifa, and so forth
Indonesian cuisine varies depending on the region. [57] Rice is the staple food and dihidangkan with a side dish of meat and vegetables. Spices (especially chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken that is important. [58] The popularity soar Indonesian film industry in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, [59] although kepopulerannya decreased in the early 1990s. [60 ] Between 2000 to 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year is increasing. [59]
Proof of any posts in Indonesia is different speaking Sanskrit inscription on the 5-th century BC. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli criticizing the treatment of Dutch Indonesia during Dutch colonial era; Muhammad Yamin and Hamka passed which is the author and pre-independence politician; [61] and Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia novel of the most famous. [62] Many Indonesians have a strong oral tradition, which help define and maintain their cultural identity. [63] Freedom of the press in Indonesia, increased after the end of President Soeharto. Television stations, including ten national private television stations, and networks that compete with local television stations TVRI country. Private radio stations broadcast their news programs and foreign broadcasting. Reportedly, there are 20 million internet users in Indonesia in 2007. [64] The use of the internet limited to the minority population, estimated at 8.5%.
JAPAN
Japanese Name
Japan called Nippon or Nihon in Japanese. Both these words are written with the letters the same size, namely日本. Nippon designation is often used in official affairs, while Nihon is usually not used in official matters such as daily conversation.
Nippon and Nihon word meaning "sunrise country." The name is derived from the official envoy of China, and refers to the relative position of Japan in the east Asian continent. Before that, Japan was known as Yamato (大和). Wa (倭) is used in the country of China at the time of Three Countries.
Japanese words in English derived from the word Jepun, derived from the Cantonese, who brought a Yat Pun.
A Japanese official in the Japanese language is Nipponkoku or Nihonkoku (日本国), which means "Japan".
Prehistoric
A vessel from the Middle Jomon period (3000-2000 BC).
Archaeological research shows that Japan has been inhabited for at least 600,000 ancient human years ago, during the Paleolitik Down. After several days of ice that occurred during the millions of years ago, Japan several times to connect with the Asian mainland through land bridges (with the north of Sakhalin, and Kyushu in the south), that allows human movement, animals, and plants to the island from the Japanese which is now the People's Republic of China and Korea. The era of the Japanese equipment Paleolitik rocks that have enhanced the first in the world, around 30,000 BC.
By the end of the last ice time of arrival and a warm period, Jomon culture appeared around 11,000 BC, is characterized by life-style hunter-collectors (hunter-gatherer) semi-sedenter Mesolitik to Neolitik and craft of making pottery terawal in the world. Estimated that the population of Jomon is the ancestor of the tribe of Proto-Japanese and the Ainu tribe of the present.
The start of the Yayoi period around 300 BC mark the presence of new technologies such as rice farming, irrigation and permbuatan iron and bronze, brought-migrants and migrants from Korea, China and other parts of Asia.
Period was extended to the Kofun period around 250 years, characterized by the establishment of the townships of the military strong. In the year 538, marks the return of religious Buddhist berawalnya Zaman Classic.
Classical era
Buddha statue at Todaiji, Nara, built in the year 752.
According to traditional Japanese mythology, Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu on 7-th century BC, which start chain-Kaiser Kaiser still has not dropped out until now. Nevertheless, throughout history, for most of the actual strength is in the hands of members of the palace, the SHOGUN, the military, and in the modern era, prime ministers.
The history of Japan began leaving notes on the century-5 and 6 BC, when the system any posts Tionghoa, Buddhist religion, and other Chinese culture introduced Baekje, a kingdom in Korea. Through the Taika Command Changes in the year 645, Japan to strengthen the use of Chinese cultures, and rearrange the system of government with the Chinese model. This opened the way for the strength of Chinese philosophy of Confucianism dominant in Japan until 19th century.
Nara Period in the 8th century marked a strong country Japan is concentrated in a palace in the empire city Heijo-kyo (now Nara). Palace empire was moved to Nagaoka-kyo ago and Heian-kyo (now Kyoto), start the "golden period" classical Japanese culture called the Heian period.
Middle period
Characterized the era of mid bangkitnya Japanese authorities that the group consists of the so-called noble samurai. In the year 1185, general Minamoto no Yoritomo was the first person to be the ruler at the same time with the Emperor, he was in power in Kamakura, south of Yokohama at the present time. After Yoritomo died, other Hojo clan tournament, taking power as a kind of Grand Duke for the SHOGUN. Keshogunan successful holding of the Mongols from China Mongol power in 1274 and 1281. Although this be regarded Keshogunan Kamakura stable, not long after Japan broke out to faksi-faksi that fight each other in the then known as Zaman States war or Sengoku period.
A group of people from the Portuguese Nanban period, 17th century.
In the 16-century, the traders and missionaries from Europe arrived in Japan for the first time, the period of "Nanban" ( "the people of Southern barbarian") that filled the exchange of commerce and culture that were active between Japan and the Western world. Around the same time, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, the strengthening control of the country's war. Nobunaga the handling of the country that haphazard and authoritarian ruler who makes it is not preferred, although kejeniusan militernya can not be denied. Colonization of Korea Hideyoshi conducted in 1592 also made his name in history tercemar Japan, especially after the Japanese troops successfully expelled from the Chinese Ming Dynasty and the Korean navy.
Tokugawa finally unify the country after its defeat in the musuhnya Activists Sekigahara in the year 1600, and move the capital to Edo (now Tokyo) and start Keshogunan Tokugawa.
Keshogunan Tokugawa, which is suspicious of the influence of Catholic missionaries, forbade all contact with European people except the relationship with Dutch traders on the island of Dejima. They also become more cautious of traders with China, especially after the Manchu tribes and founded the Chinese Qing Dynasty. Manchu tribes over Korea in the year 1637, and the Japanese fear of the possibility of invasion from the Manchu tribes. Japan because it becomes even more isolated than ever before. This self-containment period ended two and a half centuries later, the political coalition known as the Edo period, which is considered as the peak of the mid-Japanese culture.
Modern era
Japan's empire consisted of most of East and Southeast Asia in the year 1942.
In the year 1854, U.S. commodore, Matthew Perry forced Japan to the West dibukanya through Approval Kanagawa. The samurai who assume that this indicates a weak rebellion keshogunan the War Boshin to culminate in the year 1867-8. The final countdown keshogunan Meiji Restoration and the return of power to the Emperor. Japan adopted several institutions in the West Meiji period, including a modern government, legal system, and the military. These changes change the Japanese Empire became a world power of China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War and Russia in the Russian-Japanese War. Until 1910, Japan has over Taiwan, half of Sakhalin, and Korea.
Early 20th century had become witnesses to the "Taisho democracy" that covered bangkitnya Japanese nationalism. In the year 1936, Japan sign Anti-Komintern Treaty and joined with Germany and Italy to form an alliance axis. In the year 1937, Japan menginvasi Manchuria caused the Sino-Japanese War (1937). In the year 1941, Japan attacked the naval base the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing U.S. and entering the World War II. After a long campaign in the Pacific Ocean, Japan lost regions that originally held, and the U.S. started to blitz against strategic Tokyo, Osaka and other big cities and the atomic bombardment of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan finally surrendered to the partners on 15 August 1945.
American occupation officially ended in 1952, although U.S. forces still retain important base-base in Japan, especially in Okinawa. Japan since the new constitution in 1947, which established the country as a democratic country pasifis. After the occupation, the Japanese gross domestic product to grow into one of the largest in the world economy under the program of aggressive industrial development, protectionist, and delays to the U.S. strategic defense. Although the stock market took a sharp fall in 1990 and the country up to now still not fully recover from it, Japan is still a world economic power and of late has begun to rise as a strategic force with a non-combat troops to the Gulf War , the UN humanitarian effort to rebuild Cambodia, and the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Politics
Japanese colony in the region peak period that includes all of Indonesia and most of East and Southeast Asia.
Parliament
Japan confessional system of constitutional monarchy based on the British system, with two rooms of the parliament called Kokkai (国会). Japan's parliament consists of the Assembly Lowest Japan (Shuugi-in,众议院480 seats); and Assembly Higher Japan (Sangi-in,参议院, 247 seats). Japanese citizens aged 20 years and over have the right to choose.
Japanese Cabinet of Prime Minister and the Minister. The Prime Minister is a member of parliament appointed by colleagues sejawatnya. Prime Minister of powerful ministers constitute the other.
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) rule since 1955 (except 1993) and was established as a combination of the two conservative parties: the Liberal party and the Democratic party. LDP has ruled the party with the Buddhist religion, New Komeito Party. Parties including the opposition Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party.
Current Prime Minister, Yasuo Fukuda's LDP party that was September 2007 replacing Shinzo Abe who abruptly resigned from the occupation, comes from the same party.
Family Empire
Appear middle Emperor Akihito and empress, and the right of Prince Naruhito and his wife.
Japan has a family empire that diketuai by an emperor, who is also head of state of Japan. However, he only plays a role in the rites and tradition do not have any powers relating to the state government. Japanese emperor is a symbol of solidarity and people of Japan.
the emperor is Akihito (明仁), to the emperor-125. He ascended the throne after ayahandanya Hirohito, mangkat on 7 January 1989. He ditabalkan on 12 November 1990. Anandanya, son of Crown Naruhito, married with ordinary people, Masako Owada, and to a daughter, Princess aiko.
Geography
Japan cluster consists of the islands located in the coastal Pacific Ocean in the east Asian continent. Main islands of Japan, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu (main island), Shikoku, and Ryukyu Islands, located 600 km south west of Kyushu. Naha and Okinawa is one of the famous islands in the Ryukyu archipelago. In addition, Japan has a number of 3000 small islands.
73% of Japan consists of mountains that run through each main island. The most high mountain is Mount Fuji with a height of 3776 m. Caused by the contours of the land is low, most of the mountain slopes are used solely for agricultural companies. And cities built on the main land is there in the country of Japan.
Japan is located in the volcanic zone that is on the Circle Pacific Train. This caused many Japanese to be earthquake-low, and sometimes feel tense volcanic eruptions. The earthquake also felt that to destroy a few times in a century. Earthquakes often cause terbentuknya tsunami. The earthquake is the latest Great Hanshin earthquake that occurred in 1995. Caused by the geography, there are many sources of hot springs in Japan and most of the regions as tourist destinations.
Climate
Japan is a simple area with four clear seasons. Caused by a short distance away from the north to southern Japan, the climate differs from region to region in northern Japan where the climate is very mild and the snow season in the southern Japan to subtropical climate. Japan's climate is also influenced by a wind gust to blow the season from Asia to the Pacific Ocean in the snow and vice versa in the summer.
The end of June and early July is the rainy season, except for Japan in Hokkaido, because baiu zensen (梅雨前线) remains in Japan. At the end of the summer and early autumn typhoon often form. This cyclone occurred as a result of the pressure in the tropical equator moving from southwest to northeast, and often carry a very heavy rain.
Climate Japan divided over the six climatic zones, namely:
* Hokkaido: Hokkaido have a climate that simple with the snow season is long and cool. In the summer bersuhu low and cool. Evaporation is not large but the island-kepulauannya often snow cliffs that form the high season when the snow.
* Sea of Japan: blast northwest wind that brought snow is very dense. In the summer, the area is much cooler than the Pacific area but sometimes the temperature can reach a very high temperature because the Foehn wind phenomenon.
* The Central High (Chuo-Kochi): Having the climate inland usual. The difference in temperature between summer and winter and night and very different. Evaporation light.
* Seto inland sea: modest climate throughout the year because the mountain area of Chugoku and Shikoku mountains obstruct paths wind gust season.
* Pacific: Having the cool season has a little decrease in snow and heat and lembap during the summer caused by a blast from the southeast monsoon.
* Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu) or islands in southwestern Japan: The subtropical climate experiencing snow season is quite hot and summer is bersuhu high. Evaporation is very heavy, especially in the rainy season. Hurricane is the usual case.
Prefecture and local
Jepun divided into 47 prefecture, are free from central government. From north to south, prefecture, prefecture are:
* 1 Hokkaido
* 2 Aomori
* 3 Iwate
* 4 Miyagi
* 5 Akita
* 6 Yamagata
* 7 Fukushima
* 8 Ibaraki
* 9 Tochigi
* 10 Gunma
* 11 Saitama
* 12 Chiba
* 13 Tokyo
* 14 Kanagawa
* 15 Niigata
* 16 Toyama
* 17 Ishikawa
* 18 Fukui
* 19 Yamanashi
* 20 Nagano
* 21 Gifu
* 22 Shizuoka
* 23 Aichi
* 24 Mie
* 25 Shiga
* 26 Kyoto
* 27 Osaka
* 28 Hyogo
* 29 Nara
* 30 Wakayama
* 31 Tottori
* 32 Shimane
* 33 Okayama
* 34 Hiroshima
* 35 Yamaguchi
* 36 Tokushima
* 37 Kagawa
* 38 Ehime
* 39 Kochi
* 40 Fukuoka
* 41 Saga
* 42 Nagasaki
* 43 Kumamoto
* 44 Oita
* 45 Miyazaki
* 46 Kagoshima
* 47 Okinawa
Japan is also divided into 10 regional units, namely (from north to south): Hokkaido, Tohoku, Hokuriku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai (Kinki), Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Ryukyu Islands.
Contravention of
Japan have any dispute with Russia over the Kuril Islands by Russia and are also stone Liancourt (Korean: Dokdo, Japanese: Takeshima), which is now occupied South Korea. Senkaku Islands (Chinese: Diaoyutai), which are claimed by Japan by China and Taiwan.
Economy
During the oil crisis, Japan's car manufacturers take the opportunity to issue a small car and sparing of fuel such as Honda Civic.
Japanese construction industry, aided by a large civil project. One of the most famous project is the Kansai International Airport. Built on an artificial island, the airport development project is the cost of U.S. $ 30 billion.
Free market economy and Japanese industry is the third largest in the world after the United States and the People's Republic of China viewed from the aspect of international purchasing power parity. Economy is very efficient and compete in areas related to international trade, but productivity is lower in the field of agriklutur, distribution, and service.
Cooperation between government and industry, a healthy work ethic, control technology, the emphasis on education and a small allocation to defense (1% of GDP) is among the factors that enable Japan to develop so rapidly become one of the countries with the United States setanding and the European Union in terms of control of the economy.
The characteristics of typical Japanese economy is in such close cooperation between the companies engaged in the field of plant, supplies, pengedaran, and the bank (a group working together is called keiretsu); wage negotiations between private companies with a trade union (shunto); relationship well with the bureaucracy of government, and guarantee lifelong career (shushin koyo) for almost one third of the labor force in the city, and job security for contract labor. Small and simple, women, and foreign workers usually do not have facilities like that. However, the most characteristic is the terkikis, and economic conditions are now faced with stagnation.
Industry is the economic sector that most major Japanese make very dependent on imported raw materials and oil. Agriculture is the economic sector have a small subsidy is high and is one sector that is protected. This can be seen clearly on agriculture involving rice. The imported rice is subject to tax 490% and the government only allows a quota of 3% the amount of rice in the rice market. In addition to protecting the rice market, Japan also make efforts to create fruits and vegetables of high quality and tasty, but expensive. Japan is usually able to accommodate the needs of the people themselves (except the rice used to make snacks and processed food), but this country needs to import approximately 50% of the needs of cereal and fodder. Japan has one of the biggest fishing industry in the world covering nearly 15% fishing around the world, encouraging the allegations that the Japanese fisheries are causing the number of fish in the sea is reduced drastically, especially tuna.
Overall, for three decades, economic growth is actually quite amazing: an average of 10% in the decade of 1960s, an average of 5% in the 1970s, and an average of 4% in the 1980s. But this growth began to become slow in the decade of 1990s, mainly due to the impact of excessive labor side after the 1980s, and economic foundations of a reduction in inflation which aims to free itself from the excess stock market speculation and the sale price of land. Government efforts to revive economic growth is less successful and continue to be squeezed in 2000-2001.
This is the PM Junichiro Koizumi passed or fail (but sometimes fails) labor laws and foreign privatization of large-scale that can be trusted to help stimulate Japan's economy again. So far, these laws show visible results in various aspects such as foreign labor, but so far have not been able to help Japan's economy to grow again. Prime Minister Koizumi successfully pass the draft privatization including the privatization of all post offices of Japan.
A high population density and age of the majority of the population that resulted in a decrease in the number of older people. This resulted in the increased cost of health maintenance that must be borne by the government. In the future, industrial robots is estimated to be the strength of the economy is very important. Some 410,000 of the 720,000 robots in operation around the world are in Japan.
Agricultural sector
State the main results of Japanese agriculture is food. Although only 16% of the broad land in Japan that is used for agriculture, but including the results satisfactory. The amount of agricultural products supported by the fertility of land due to land pertaniannya contain volcanic ash. In addition, agricultural land penggarapan conducted intensively supported with advanced technology. Agricultural products include rice, potatoes, corn, wheat, peanut, soybean, and tea. Results livestock as pigs, chickens, eggs, beef and milk. Vegetables such as radish, cabbage, cucumber, tomatoes, carrots, spinach, and lettuce. While the fruit is planted many apples and oranges.
Fishery sector
Japan ranks 2nd in the world behind China in tonnage fishing (1989: 11.9 million tons), decreased slowly from 11.1 million tons in 1980. After the energy crisis occurred in 1973, fishing in the sea in Japan decreased. In the 1980s, the number of fish catch-per-year average of 2 million tons. Fishing offshore 50% of the total fishing land in the late 1980s, although several times to increase and decrease.
Coastal fishing is done with small boats, nets, or a mixture of techniques about a third of total production of the fishing industry of Japan, while the coastal sea fishing with boat about the size of the middle more than half the total production. Among the captured fish species such as sardine, tuna, crab, shrimp, salmon, and makerel.
Japan maintain the largest fishing fleet in the world and approximately 15% of global arrest, issue a statement that a number of Japanese fisheries are cause a reduction in fish stocks such as tuna. Japan also sow controversy with the support whale hunting.
Industrial sector
Japan's main export industries are automotive, consumer electronics (see Japanese consumer electronics industry), the computer, semiconductor, steel, and steel.
Other important industries in the economy is Japan Petrochemical, pharmaceutical, bioindustri, dock, sky, textiles, and processed food. Many Japanese manufacturing industry depends on imported raw materials and fuel.
Mining sector
Mining industry is the current decline in Japan since 1980. Coal production in the country anjlok from the peak 55 million tons in 1960 to almost more than 16 million tons in 1985, while coal imports increased to about 91 million tons in 1987. Coal mining company in the country must compete with cheap coal imports and the cost of coal production in the high country. Peak is a deficit of coal reserves in the 1980s. In the 1980s, nearly 1 million tons of coal reserves most of Japan is used for coal. Most coal is consumed Japanese fuel for power.
Services sector
Some three-quarters of total revenue comes from the Japanese economic services sector. Major industries in the services sector as Japanese banks, insurance, real estate, transportation, and telecommunications. Mitsubishi UFJ, Mizuho, NTT, TEPCO, Nomura, Mitsubishi Estate, Tokio Marine, Japan Railway, Seven & I, ANA has been a great company of the world. Six major keiretsu group consisting of Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Fuyo, Mitsui, Dai-Ichi Kangyo, and Sanwa. Some 326 companies that are in the list of Forbes Global 2000 (16.3%) are in Japan.
Demographics
Japanese people are a homogenous society in terms of race and language, the ethnic Japanese community and language (linguistic) is homogeneous, with few foreign residents of most of North and South Korea (1 million), Okinawa (1.5 million), China and Taiwan (0.5 million), Malaysia (0.5 million), Philippines (0.5 million) and Brazil (250,000), including ethnic minorities, indigenous Ainu in Hokkaido. 99% of the population bertutur Japanese language as mother tongue.
Japanese citizenship is usually granted ever since was born, the family members when registering the birth of a baby in the family that held by the foreign office building. However, birth in Japan simply does not guarantee citizenship. Minority language speakers are often single Japanese living in Japan for several generations with the status of the population remain without citizenship in the country get their birth. Descendants of the Japanese population to return to Japan from overseas have had the birth of their citizenship in foreign countries are registered for the members of their families. Sometimes they come home that Japan was not considered and are often suspected as the descendants of caste Burakumin during the era of feudal, population groups that are known to Hijrah countries South America, and often become victims of discrimination.
Average age of population Japan is one of the highest in the world. Japanese people's level of fertility decline after World War II, and decreased again in the mid-1970s because many Japanese women choose career and not married. Japan also have a life expectancy of most high in the world. Japan's estimated population growth will stop dead in 2007 with 20% of the population aged more than 65 years. Changes in demographic structure has caused many social issues, especially the potential reduction of labor costs and increase safety, such as social leave general plan. Japanese government demography experts are now in hot debate about how to handle this problem. [1]. Immigration and birth penggalakan sometimes recommended as a way for the settlement of labor supply to support young people who are this old. Immigration is not popular in many khayalak as a result of the increase in the level of crime is often said to be a foreigner living in Japan.
Religion
Most Japanese people take the attitude does not care about the religion and see the cultural and religious traditions. When asked about religion, they will say that they are Buddhists just because their fathers-fathers following a Buddhist religious sect. On this day Shinto, a religion that came from Japan almost escape from attention and is only known by a few scholars only. Most of the teachings of Buddhism and Shinto is practiced in the culture such as culture and marriage. A number of minority profess Christianity, Shamanism, and new religions such as Soka Gakkai. Some of this new religion related meeting with the Buddhist religion.
Education
* Level literacy: 99.8 (1990), 100.0% (2000)
* Compulsory education: 9 years (from age 6 to 15 years)
* Number of secondary school students who advance to higher education is approximately 96%
Culture
Japanese culture include the interaction between native Jomon culture with a strong influence from abroad who follow. At first China and Korea to bring a lot of influence, beginning with the development of Yayoi culture around 300 BC. Combination of the Greek cultural traditions and India, and religious art affect Japan since the tenth century BC-6, equipped with the introduction of religious Buddhist Mahayana sect. Since 16-th century, prominent European influence, followed by the influence of the United States dominates the Japanese after the end of World War II.
Jepun consecutive develop a culture that original and unique, in the arts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e), crafts (sculpture, pottery, the (puppet bunraku, traditional dances, Kabuki, noh, rakugo), and tradition (the Japanese, onsen , sento, tea ceremony, Japanese garden), and Japanese food.
Now, Japan is an exporter of the biggest pop culture. Anime, manga, fashion, film, literature, video games, music and Japan receive warm welcome in the world, especially in Asian countries is another. Japanese youth love to create new trends and relish the style of their fashion and trends affecting the world. Youth-market mudi a very bright bring to the test items the user a new electronic, in which style and function is determined by the user of Japan, before being distributed to the entire world.
Recently, Japan began to export a commodity culture that values: sportswear. Popularity Japanese Baseball players in the United States to increase awareness of citizens of the West is all about Japan.
Japanese people usually love eating their food traditions. Most of the TV at the time of the evening is devoted to the discovery of food and traditional quality. Print the name of Japanese food in the world of sushi, usually made from various types of raw fish mixed with rice and Wasabi. Sushi has a lot of fans around the world. Japanese food is based on the transition season, serve with cold noodles and sashimi in the summer, while hot ramen and shabu-shabu in the winter.
Japanese Name
Japan called Nippon or Nihon in Japanese. Both these words are written with the letters the same size, namely日本. Nippon designation is often used in official affairs, while Nihon is usually not used in official matters such as daily conversation.
Nippon and Nihon word meaning "sunrise country." The name is derived from the official envoy of China, and refers to the relative position of Japan in the east Asian continent. Before that, Japan was known as Yamato (大和). Wa (倭) is used in the country of China at the time of Three Countries.
Japanese words in English derived from the word Jepun, derived from the Cantonese, who brought a Yat Pun.
A Japanese official in the Japanese language is Nipponkoku or Nihonkoku (日本国), which means "Japan".
Prehistoric
A vessel from the Middle Jomon period (3000-2000 BC).
Archaeological research shows that Japan has been inhabited for at least 600,000 ancient human years ago, during the Paleolitik Down. After several days of ice that occurred during the millions of years ago, Japan several times to connect with the Asian mainland through land bridges (with the north of Sakhalin, and Kyushu in the south), that allows human movement, animals, and plants to the island from the Japanese which is now the People's Republic of China and Korea. The era of the Japanese equipment Paleolitik rocks that have enhanced the first in the world, around 30,000 BC.
By the end of the last ice time of arrival and a warm period, Jomon culture appeared around 11,000 BC, is characterized by life-style hunter-collectors (hunter-gatherer) semi-sedenter Mesolitik to Neolitik and craft of making pottery terawal in the world. Estimated that the population of Jomon is the ancestor of the tribe of Proto-Japanese and the Ainu tribe of the present.
The start of the Yayoi period around 300 BC mark the presence of new technologies such as rice farming, irrigation and permbuatan iron and bronze, brought-migrants and migrants from Korea, China and other parts of Asia.
Period was extended to the Kofun period around 250 years, characterized by the establishment of the townships of the military strong. In the year 538, marks the return of religious Buddhist berawalnya Zaman Classic.
Classical era
Buddha statue at Todaiji, Nara, built in the year 752.
According to traditional Japanese mythology, Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu on 7-th century BC, which start chain-Kaiser Kaiser still has not dropped out until now. Nevertheless, throughout history, for most of the actual strength is in the hands of members of the palace, the SHOGUN, the military, and in the modern era, prime ministers.
The history of Japan began leaving notes on the century-5 and 6 BC, when the system any posts Tionghoa, Buddhist religion, and other Chinese culture introduced Baekje, a kingdom in Korea. Through the Taika Command Changes in the year 645, Japan to strengthen the use of Chinese cultures, and rearrange the system of government with the Chinese model. This opened the way for the strength of Chinese philosophy of Confucianism dominant in Japan until 19th century.
Nara Period in the 8th century marked a strong country Japan is concentrated in a palace in the empire city Heijo-kyo (now Nara). Palace empire was moved to Nagaoka-kyo ago and Heian-kyo (now Kyoto), start the "golden period" classical Japanese culture called the Heian period.
Middle period
Characterized the era of mid bangkitnya Japanese authorities that the group consists of the so-called noble samurai. In the year 1185, general Minamoto no Yoritomo was the first person to be the ruler at the same time with the Emperor, he was in power in Kamakura, south of Yokohama at the present time. After Yoritomo died, other Hojo clan tournament, taking power as a kind of Grand Duke for the SHOGUN. Keshogunan successful holding of the Mongols from China Mongol power in 1274 and 1281. Although this be regarded Keshogunan Kamakura stable, not long after Japan broke out to faksi-faksi that fight each other in the then known as Zaman States war or Sengoku period.
A group of people from the Portuguese Nanban period, 17th century.
In the 16-century, the traders and missionaries from Europe arrived in Japan for the first time, the period of "Nanban" ( "the people of Southern barbarian") that filled the exchange of commerce and culture that were active between Japan and the Western world. Around the same time, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, the strengthening control of the country's war. Nobunaga the handling of the country that haphazard and authoritarian ruler who makes it is not preferred, although kejeniusan militernya can not be denied. Colonization of Korea Hideyoshi conducted in 1592 also made his name in history tercemar Japan, especially after the Japanese troops successfully expelled from the Chinese Ming Dynasty and the Korean navy.
Tokugawa finally unify the country after its defeat in the musuhnya Activists Sekigahara in the year 1600, and move the capital to Edo (now Tokyo) and start Keshogunan Tokugawa.
Keshogunan Tokugawa, which is suspicious of the influence of Catholic missionaries, forbade all contact with European people except the relationship with Dutch traders on the island of Dejima. They also become more cautious of traders with China, especially after the Manchu tribes and founded the Chinese Qing Dynasty. Manchu tribes over Korea in the year 1637, and the Japanese fear of the possibility of invasion from the Manchu tribes. Japan because it becomes even more isolated than ever before. This self-containment period ended two and a half centuries later, the political coalition known as the Edo period, which is considered as the peak of the mid-Japanese culture.
Modern era
Japan's empire consisted of most of East and Southeast Asia in the year 1942.
In the year 1854, U.S. commodore, Matthew Perry forced Japan to the West dibukanya through Approval Kanagawa. The samurai who assume that this indicates a weak rebellion keshogunan the War Boshin to culminate in the year 1867-8. The final countdown keshogunan Meiji Restoration and the return of power to the Emperor. Japan adopted several institutions in the West Meiji period, including a modern government, legal system, and the military. These changes change the Japanese Empire became a world power of China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War and Russia in the Russian-Japanese War. Until 1910, Japan has over Taiwan, half of Sakhalin, and Korea.
Early 20th century had become witnesses to the "Taisho democracy" that covered bangkitnya Japanese nationalism. In the year 1936, Japan sign Anti-Komintern Treaty and joined with Germany and Italy to form an alliance axis. In the year 1937, Japan menginvasi Manchuria caused the Sino-Japanese War (1937). In the year 1941, Japan attacked the naval base the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing U.S. and entering the World War II. After a long campaign in the Pacific Ocean, Japan lost regions that originally held, and the U.S. started to blitz against strategic Tokyo, Osaka and other big cities and the atomic bombardment of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan finally surrendered to the partners on 15 August 1945.
American occupation officially ended in 1952, although U.S. forces still retain important base-base in Japan, especially in Okinawa. Japan since the new constitution in 1947, which established the country as a democratic country pasifis. After the occupation, the Japanese gross domestic product to grow into one of the largest in the world economy under the program of aggressive industrial development, protectionist, and delays to the U.S. strategic defense. Although the stock market took a sharp fall in 1990 and the country up to now still not fully recover from it, Japan is still a world economic power and of late has begun to rise as a strategic force with a non-combat troops to the Gulf War , the UN humanitarian effort to rebuild Cambodia, and the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Politics
Japanese colony in the region peak period that includes all of Indonesia and most of East and Southeast Asia.
Parliament
Japan confessional system of constitutional monarchy based on the British system, with two rooms of the parliament called Kokkai (国会). Japan's parliament consists of the Assembly Lowest Japan (Shuugi-in,众议院480 seats); and Assembly Higher Japan (Sangi-in,参议院, 247 seats). Japanese citizens aged 20 years and over have the right to choose.
Japanese Cabinet of Prime Minister and the Minister. The Prime Minister is a member of parliament appointed by colleagues sejawatnya. Prime Minister of powerful ministers constitute the other.
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) rule since 1955 (except 1993) and was established as a combination of the two conservative parties: the Liberal party and the Democratic party. LDP has ruled the party with the Buddhist religion, New Komeito Party. Parties including the opposition Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party.
Current Prime Minister, Yasuo Fukuda's LDP party that was September 2007 replacing Shinzo Abe who abruptly resigned from the occupation, comes from the same party.
Family Empire
Appear middle Emperor Akihito and empress, and the right of Prince Naruhito and his wife.
Japan has a family empire that diketuai by an emperor, who is also head of state of Japan. However, he only plays a role in the rites and tradition do not have any powers relating to the state government. Japanese emperor is a symbol of solidarity and people of Japan.
the emperor is Akihito (明仁), to the emperor-125. He ascended the throne after ayahandanya Hirohito, mangkat on 7 January 1989. He ditabalkan on 12 November 1990. Anandanya, son of Crown Naruhito, married with ordinary people, Masako Owada, and to a daughter, Princess aiko.
Geography
Japan cluster consists of the islands located in the coastal Pacific Ocean in the east Asian continent. Main islands of Japan, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu (main island), Shikoku, and Ryukyu Islands, located 600 km south west of Kyushu. Naha and Okinawa is one of the famous islands in the Ryukyu archipelago. In addition, Japan has a number of 3000 small islands.
73% of Japan consists of mountains that run through each main island. The most high mountain is Mount Fuji with a height of 3776 m. Caused by the contours of the land is low, most of the mountain slopes are used solely for agricultural companies. And cities built on the main land is there in the country of Japan.
Japan is located in the volcanic zone that is on the Circle Pacific Train. This caused many Japanese to be earthquake-low, and sometimes feel tense volcanic eruptions. The earthquake also felt that to destroy a few times in a century. Earthquakes often cause terbentuknya tsunami. The earthquake is the latest Great Hanshin earthquake that occurred in 1995. Caused by the geography, there are many sources of hot springs in Japan and most of the regions as tourist destinations.
Climate
Japan is a simple area with four clear seasons. Caused by a short distance away from the north to southern Japan, the climate differs from region to region in northern Japan where the climate is very mild and the snow season in the southern Japan to subtropical climate. Japan's climate is also influenced by a wind gust to blow the season from Asia to the Pacific Ocean in the snow and vice versa in the summer.
The end of June and early July is the rainy season, except for Japan in Hokkaido, because baiu zensen (梅雨前线) remains in Japan. At the end of the summer and early autumn typhoon often form. This cyclone occurred as a result of the pressure in the tropical equator moving from southwest to northeast, and often carry a very heavy rain.
Climate Japan divided over the six climatic zones, namely:
* Hokkaido: Hokkaido have a climate that simple with the snow season is long and cool. In the summer bersuhu low and cool. Evaporation is not large but the island-kepulauannya often snow cliffs that form the high season when the snow.
* Sea of Japan: blast northwest wind that brought snow is very dense. In the summer, the area is much cooler than the Pacific area but sometimes the temperature can reach a very high temperature because the Foehn wind phenomenon.
* The Central High (Chuo-Kochi): Having the climate inland usual. The difference in temperature between summer and winter and night and very different. Evaporation light.
* Seto inland sea: modest climate throughout the year because the mountain area of Chugoku and Shikoku mountains obstruct paths wind gust season.
* Pacific: Having the cool season has a little decrease in snow and heat and lembap during the summer caused by a blast from the southeast monsoon.
* Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu) or islands in southwestern Japan: The subtropical climate experiencing snow season is quite hot and summer is bersuhu high. Evaporation is very heavy, especially in the rainy season. Hurricane is the usual case.
Prefecture and local
Jepun divided into 47 prefecture, are free from central government. From north to south, prefecture, prefecture are:
* 1 Hokkaido
* 2 Aomori
* 3 Iwate
* 4 Miyagi
* 5 Akita
* 6 Yamagata
* 7 Fukushima
* 8 Ibaraki
* 9 Tochigi
* 10 Gunma
* 11 Saitama
* 12 Chiba
* 13 Tokyo
* 14 Kanagawa
* 15 Niigata
* 16 Toyama
* 17 Ishikawa
* 18 Fukui
* 19 Yamanashi
* 20 Nagano
* 21 Gifu
* 22 Shizuoka
* 23 Aichi
* 24 Mie
* 25 Shiga
* 26 Kyoto
* 27 Osaka
* 28 Hyogo
* 29 Nara
* 30 Wakayama
* 31 Tottori
* 32 Shimane
* 33 Okayama
* 34 Hiroshima
* 35 Yamaguchi
* 36 Tokushima
* 37 Kagawa
* 38 Ehime
* 39 Kochi
* 40 Fukuoka
* 41 Saga
* 42 Nagasaki
* 43 Kumamoto
* 44 Oita
* 45 Miyazaki
* 46 Kagoshima
* 47 Okinawa
Japan is also divided into 10 regional units, namely (from north to south): Hokkaido, Tohoku, Hokuriku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai (Kinki), Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Ryukyu Islands.
Contravention of
Japan have any dispute with Russia over the Kuril Islands by Russia and are also stone Liancourt (Korean: Dokdo, Japanese: Takeshima), which is now occupied South Korea. Senkaku Islands (Chinese: Diaoyutai), which are claimed by Japan by China and Taiwan.
Economy
During the oil crisis, Japan's car manufacturers take the opportunity to issue a small car and sparing of fuel such as Honda Civic.
Japanese construction industry, aided by a large civil project. One of the most famous project is the Kansai International Airport. Built on an artificial island, the airport development project is the cost of U.S. $ 30 billion.
Free market economy and Japanese industry is the third largest in the world after the United States and the People's Republic of China viewed from the aspect of international purchasing power parity. Economy is very efficient and compete in areas related to international trade, but productivity is lower in the field of agriklutur, distribution, and service.
Cooperation between government and industry, a healthy work ethic, control technology, the emphasis on education and a small allocation to defense (1% of GDP) is among the factors that enable Japan to develop so rapidly become one of the countries with the United States setanding and the European Union in terms of control of the economy.
The characteristics of typical Japanese economy is in such close cooperation between the companies engaged in the field of plant, supplies, pengedaran, and the bank (a group working together is called keiretsu); wage negotiations between private companies with a trade union (shunto); relationship well with the bureaucracy of government, and guarantee lifelong career (shushin koyo) for almost one third of the labor force in the city, and job security for contract labor. Small and simple, women, and foreign workers usually do not have facilities like that. However, the most characteristic is the terkikis, and economic conditions are now faced with stagnation.
Industry is the economic sector that most major Japanese make very dependent on imported raw materials and oil. Agriculture is the economic sector have a small subsidy is high and is one sector that is protected. This can be seen clearly on agriculture involving rice. The imported rice is subject to tax 490% and the government only allows a quota of 3% the amount of rice in the rice market. In addition to protecting the rice market, Japan also make efforts to create fruits and vegetables of high quality and tasty, but expensive. Japan is usually able to accommodate the needs of the people themselves (except the rice used to make snacks and processed food), but this country needs to import approximately 50% of the needs of cereal and fodder. Japan has one of the biggest fishing industry in the world covering nearly 15% fishing around the world, encouraging the allegations that the Japanese fisheries are causing the number of fish in the sea is reduced drastically, especially tuna.
Overall, for three decades, economic growth is actually quite amazing: an average of 10% in the decade of 1960s, an average of 5% in the 1970s, and an average of 4% in the 1980s. But this growth began to become slow in the decade of 1990s, mainly due to the impact of excessive labor side after the 1980s, and economic foundations of a reduction in inflation which aims to free itself from the excess stock market speculation and the sale price of land. Government efforts to revive economic growth is less successful and continue to be squeezed in 2000-2001.
This is the PM Junichiro Koizumi passed or fail (but sometimes fails) labor laws and foreign privatization of large-scale that can be trusted to help stimulate Japan's economy again. So far, these laws show visible results in various aspects such as foreign labor, but so far have not been able to help Japan's economy to grow again. Prime Minister Koizumi successfully pass the draft privatization including the privatization of all post offices of Japan.
A high population density and age of the majority of the population that resulted in a decrease in the number of older people. This resulted in the increased cost of health maintenance that must be borne by the government. In the future, industrial robots is estimated to be the strength of the economy is very important. Some 410,000 of the 720,000 robots in operation around the world are in Japan.
Agricultural sector
State the main results of Japanese agriculture is food. Although only 16% of the broad land in Japan that is used for agriculture, but including the results satisfactory. The amount of agricultural products supported by the fertility of land due to land pertaniannya contain volcanic ash. In addition, agricultural land penggarapan conducted intensively supported with advanced technology. Agricultural products include rice, potatoes, corn, wheat, peanut, soybean, and tea. Results livestock as pigs, chickens, eggs, beef and milk. Vegetables such as radish, cabbage, cucumber, tomatoes, carrots, spinach, and lettuce. While the fruit is planted many apples and oranges.
Fishery sector
Japan ranks 2nd in the world behind China in tonnage fishing (1989: 11.9 million tons), decreased slowly from 11.1 million tons in 1980. After the energy crisis occurred in 1973, fishing in the sea in Japan decreased. In the 1980s, the number of fish catch-per-year average of 2 million tons. Fishing offshore 50% of the total fishing land in the late 1980s, although several times to increase and decrease.
Coastal fishing is done with small boats, nets, or a mixture of techniques about a third of total production of the fishing industry of Japan, while the coastal sea fishing with boat about the size of the middle more than half the total production. Among the captured fish species such as sardine, tuna, crab, shrimp, salmon, and makerel.
Japan maintain the largest fishing fleet in the world and approximately 15% of global arrest, issue a statement that a number of Japanese fisheries are cause a reduction in fish stocks such as tuna. Japan also sow controversy with the support whale hunting.
Industrial sector
Japan's main export industries are automotive, consumer electronics (see Japanese consumer electronics industry), the computer, semiconductor, steel, and steel.
Other important industries in the economy is Japan Petrochemical, pharmaceutical, bioindustri, dock, sky, textiles, and processed food. Many Japanese manufacturing industry depends on imported raw materials and fuel.
Mining sector
Mining industry is the current decline in Japan since 1980. Coal production in the country anjlok from the peak 55 million tons in 1960 to almost more than 16 million tons in 1985, while coal imports increased to about 91 million tons in 1987. Coal mining company in the country must compete with cheap coal imports and the cost of coal production in the high country. Peak is a deficit of coal reserves in the 1980s. In the 1980s, nearly 1 million tons of coal reserves most of Japan is used for coal. Most coal is consumed Japanese fuel for power.
Services sector
Some three-quarters of total revenue comes from the Japanese economic services sector. Major industries in the services sector as Japanese banks, insurance, real estate, transportation, and telecommunications. Mitsubishi UFJ, Mizuho, NTT, TEPCO, Nomura, Mitsubishi Estate, Tokio Marine, Japan Railway, Seven & I, ANA has been a great company of the world. Six major keiretsu group consisting of Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Fuyo, Mitsui, Dai-Ichi Kangyo, and Sanwa. Some 326 companies that are in the list of Forbes Global 2000 (16.3%) are in Japan.
Demographics
Japanese people are a homogenous society in terms of race and language, the ethnic Japanese community and language (linguistic) is homogeneous, with few foreign residents of most of North and South Korea (1 million), Okinawa (1.5 million), China and Taiwan (0.5 million), Malaysia (0.5 million), Philippines (0.5 million) and Brazil (250,000), including ethnic minorities, indigenous Ainu in Hokkaido. 99% of the population bertutur Japanese language as mother tongue.
Japanese citizenship is usually granted ever since was born, the family members when registering the birth of a baby in the family that held by the foreign office building. However, birth in Japan simply does not guarantee citizenship. Minority language speakers are often single Japanese living in Japan for several generations with the status of the population remain without citizenship in the country get their birth. Descendants of the Japanese population to return to Japan from overseas have had the birth of their citizenship in foreign countries are registered for the members of their families. Sometimes they come home that Japan was not considered and are often suspected as the descendants of caste Burakumin during the era of feudal, population groups that are known to Hijrah countries South America, and often become victims of discrimination.
Average age of population Japan is one of the highest in the world. Japanese people's level of fertility decline after World War II, and decreased again in the mid-1970s because many Japanese women choose career and not married. Japan also have a life expectancy of most high in the world. Japan's estimated population growth will stop dead in 2007 with 20% of the population aged more than 65 years. Changes in demographic structure has caused many social issues, especially the potential reduction of labor costs and increase safety, such as social leave general plan. Japanese government demography experts are now in hot debate about how to handle this problem. [1]. Immigration and birth penggalakan sometimes recommended as a way for the settlement of labor supply to support young people who are this old. Immigration is not popular in many khayalak as a result of the increase in the level of crime is often said to be a foreigner living in Japan.
Religion
Most Japanese people take the attitude does not care about the religion and see the cultural and religious traditions. When asked about religion, they will say that they are Buddhists just because their fathers-fathers following a Buddhist religious sect. On this day Shinto, a religion that came from Japan almost escape from attention and is only known by a few scholars only. Most of the teachings of Buddhism and Shinto is practiced in the culture such as culture and marriage. A number of minority profess Christianity, Shamanism, and new religions such as Soka Gakkai. Some of this new religion related meeting with the Buddhist religion.
Education
* Level literacy: 99.8 (1990), 100.0% (2000)
* Compulsory education: 9 years (from age 6 to 15 years)
* Number of secondary school students who advance to higher education is approximately 96%
Culture
Japanese culture include the interaction between native Jomon culture with a strong influence from abroad who follow. At first China and Korea to bring a lot of influence, beginning with the development of Yayoi culture around 300 BC. Combination of the Greek cultural traditions and India, and religious art affect Japan since the tenth century BC-6, equipped with the introduction of religious Buddhist Mahayana sect. Since 16-th century, prominent European influence, followed by the influence of the United States dominates the Japanese after the end of World War II.
Jepun consecutive develop a culture that original and unique, in the arts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e), crafts (sculpture, pottery, the (puppet bunraku, traditional dances, Kabuki, noh, rakugo), and tradition (the Japanese, onsen , sento, tea ceremony, Japanese garden), and Japanese food.
Now, Japan is an exporter of the biggest pop culture. Anime, manga, fashion, film, literature, video games, music and Japan receive warm welcome in the world, especially in Asian countries is another. Japanese youth love to create new trends and relish the style of their fashion and trends affecting the world. Youth-market mudi a very bright bring to the test items the user a new electronic, in which style and function is determined by the user of Japan, before being distributed to the entire world.
Recently, Japan began to export a commodity culture that values: sportswear. Popularity Japanese Baseball players in the United States to increase awareness of citizens of the West is all about Japan.
Japanese people usually love eating their food traditions. Most of the TV at the time of the evening is devoted to the discovery of food and traditional quality. Print the name of Japanese food in the world of sushi, usually made from various types of raw fish mixed with rice and Wasabi. Sushi has a lot of fans around the world. Japanese food is based on the transition season, serve with cold noodles and sashimi in the summer, while hot ramen and shabu-shabu in the winter.
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